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Juvenile Justice Systems outlines options for shaping the juvenile liability models, in the form of model-patterns: the welfare model, the justice model, the rehabilitative treatment model, the restorative justice model, and different mixed models, especially the so-called “4xD formula.” This comparative work consists of 4 parts, describing the general issues of juvenile criminal liability and characterizing three mixed models: the Polish, the Brazilian and the Portuguese. The comparison of three systems severely influenced by welfare ideas is seen as an innovative element of the presented work. The critical, theoretical analysis contributes to the reflection on the modelling of juvenile justice systems. Therefore, it may be of particular interest to legal researchers and practitioners.

This book explores Latin American inequality broadly in terms of its impact on the regions development and specifically with two country studies from Peru on earnings inequality and child labor as a consequence of inequality for child labor. The first chapter provides substantial recent undated analysis of the critical thesis of deindustrialization for Latin America. The second chapter provides an approach to measuring labor market discrimination that departs from the current treatment of unobservable influences in the literature. The third chapterr examines a much-neglected topic of child labor using a panel data set specifically on children.

The book is appropriate for courses on economic development, labor economics courses and those interested in inequality, development and applied econometrics.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the functioning of extra-legal references (general clauses) in the context of the relation between the legislative policy of opening the legal system and judicial discretion in the field of law interpretation. This publication is based on the analysis of normative acts (in Poland and other selected European countries) and judicial decisions (mainly Polish). The result of the study is an attempt to settle the scope of judicial discretion in determining the content of reference criteria, the basis for their application, and their role in various stages of the process of judicial interpretation of the law. The book concludes with an attempt to construct a comparative and an optimization model of the functioning of general clauses in the legal order.

Mit dem verbreiteten Einsatz von Zahlungsinstrumenten geht auch das Missbrauchsrisiko einher. Das Buch widmet sich der Frage, wie dieses Missbrauchsrisiko zwischen dem Zahler und seinem Zahlungsdienstleister in Deutschland und China verteilt wird. Auf Grundlage der rechtsvergleichenden Ergebnisse schlägt der Autor vor, eine einheitliche und spezialgesetzliche Regelung der Risikoverteilung beim Missbrauch von Zahlungsinstrumenten in China einzuführen.

Sustainability standards, and in particular voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) have become an integral part of facilitating green consumerism and promoting green economy and green growth. While such standards have undoubtedly led to some desirable change in production structures and methods, as well as in improved material, resource and energy efficiency, overall results have remained modest, mostly incremental and far from leading to transformational, sector- or economy-wide changes. It is therefore high time that after some 30 years of increasing use of sustainability standards one takes stock of their achievements and pros and cons. This analysis should however not be confined to a technical review of the progress in improving or perfectioning the standard system and best practice in standard application and use, but primarily focus on a review of the political economy of VSS and their record in reshaping the current largely unsustainable agro-food economy and the situation of farmers. Many, in particular voluntary sustainability standards are now at a crossroads, but instead of realizing the systemic, deep-rooted nature of the crisis and conceiving of much-required reforms most standard advocates continue to focus their activities on improving the functioning of the standard system and emulating or disseminating best standard-compliance practice. Against this background, the book wonders what the illusions and what the reality of VSS have been in recent decades and whether these standards can be made fit for a future, in which sustainability issues are bound to play an even more important and pressing role. As appendix we looked into the relationship between the Corona crisis as one of the many other epidemics which have hit us hard and the future of globalized supply chains, of which VSS are part of.

This book presents a new method for measuring the effectiveness of national and international environmental law. It is the result of four years of research and experimentation to develop a way to construct legal indicators. The only existing environmental indicators measure only statistical, scientific or economic data.

With legal indicators, governments, parliaments, economic and social actors and environmental NGOs will be able to assess concretely, on a scientific basis, what are the gaps, progress and setbacks in the implementation of international conventions and national laws. The legal indicators will serve as tools for decision-making, in particular to carry out reforms in full knowledge of the facts and not blindly.

The mathematical method used makes it possible, on the basis of a questionnaire highlighting all the legal and institutional stages of the application of legal texts, to provide data highlighting the points to be improved and the strengths of the application of the law.

This update of a first book published in 2018 by the Institut de la Francophonie pour le développement durable (IFDD, French acronym) has been made possible thanks to the support of the Normandy Chair for Peace (CNRS, Normandy Region, Maison de la recherche en Sciences Humaines (MRSH) and the University of Caen - France). A line of research is dedicated to this topic of legal indicators and the Chair of Excellence hopes that this work will be widely disseminated and accessible in open source in English, French and Spanish.

Cet ouvrage présente une méthode inédite de mesurage de l’effectivité du droit de l’environnement tant national qu’international. Il est le fruit de quatre ans de recherches et d’expérimentations afin de mettre au point la façon de construire des indicateurs juridiques. Les seuls indicateurs existants sur l’environnement ne mesurent que des données statistiques, scientifiques ou économiques.

Grâce à des indicateurs juridiques, les gouvernements, les parlements, les acteurs économiques et sociaux et les ONG d’environnement pourront apprécier concrètement, sur un fondement scientifique, quelles sont les lacunes, les avancées et les régressions dans les modalités d’application des conventions internationales et des lois nationales. Les indicateurs juridiques serviront d’outils d’aide à la décision, notamment pour procéder à des réformes en connaissance de cause et non plus à l’aveuglette.

La méthode mathématique utilisée permet, à partir d’un questionnaire mettant en avant toutes les étapes juridiques et institutionnelles de l’application des textes juridiques, de fournir des données soulignant les points à améliorer et les points forts de l’application du droit.

Cette mise à jour d’un premier ouvrage de 2018 publié par l’Institut de la Francophonie pour le développement durable (IFDD) a été rendue possible grâce à l’appui de la Chaire d’excellence Normandie pour la paix (CNRS, Région Normandie, Maison de la recherche en sciences humaines (MRSH) et de l’Université de Caen - France). Une ligne de recherche est dédiée à cette thématique des indicateurs juridiques et la Chaire d’excellence formule le vœu d’une large diffusion de cet ouvrage accessible en open access en anglais, français et en espagnol.

Die Arbeit betrifft die historische Entwicklung, diedogmatische Verortung sowie die verfassungsrechtliche Bewertung derImpfgesetzgebung, insbesondere einer Impfpflicht. Der thematische Bogen reichtvom Reichsimpfgesetz 1874 bis zur Impfgesetzgebung 2019/2020. Die Verfasserinbehandelt sozial- und krankenversicherungsrechtliche Fragen, Schul- undKitarecht, zeigt aber ebenso den zivil- und strafrechtlichen Rahmen auf. Dabeibezieht sie auch Stellungnahmen verschiedener Expertengremien wie etwa der WHOin ihre Untersuchung mit ein. Des Weiteren würdigt sie die Impfgesetze amMaßstab des Grundgesetzes. 

This book covers deep researches from different perspectives and disciplines upon Covid-19 pandemic impacts on social, legal, economic, cultural issues by successful and expert researchers in their field. In this book, different and rigorous analyses of all areas influenced by Covid-19 researches were made in order to be one of the emerging reliable sources about the Covid-19 literature with various dimensions.