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«Die Welt war meine Gemeinde»- Willem A. Visser ’t Hooft
A Theologian for Europe between Ecumenism and Federalism
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Edited By Filippo Maria Giordano and Stefano Dell'Acqua
Willem A. Visser ’t Hooft (1900–1985), Dutch pastor and theologian, was one of the most significant personalities in the Protestant Ecumenical movement. Deeply influenced by Karl Barth, and filled with a strong Ecumenical spirit, he was closely involved in the founding of the World Council of Churches, of which he was elected General Secretary. During the Second World War, many Protestants became convinced of the need for an international political system which, beside uniting the nations and peoples of Europe, would guarantee them fundamental freedoms and mutual respect for their historical, cultural and confessional traditions.
The directors of the WWC were strongly committed to federalism, partly because of the political traditions of the states from which their member churches originated (Switzerland; Great Britain and its Commonwealth; the United States), and partly because of their conviction that a simple confederation of states, based on the model of the League of Nations, would be completely incapable of containing national ambitions. In spring 1944, Visser ’t Hooft welcomed into his Geneva home the representatives of the European Resistance, who, under the leadership of Altiero Spinelli and Ernesto Rossi, signed the International Federalist Declaration of the Resistance Movements. These historic transnational encounters, aimed not only at coordinating military action or seeking diplomatic contacts but at exploring ways to «build» peace and re-establish the future of the Continent on new foundations, marked a profound break with the past.
The directors of the WWC were strongly committed to federalism, partly because of the political traditions of the states from which their member churches originated (Switzerland; Great Britain and its Commonwealth; the United States), and partly because of their conviction that a simple confederation of states, based on the model of the League of Nations, would be completely incapable of containing national ambitions. In spring 1944, Visser ’t Hooft welcomed into his Geneva home the representatives of the European Resistance, who, under the leadership of Altiero Spinelli and Ernesto Rossi, signed the International Federalist Declaration of the Resistance Movements. These historic transnational encounters, aimed not only at coordinating military action or seeking diplomatic contacts but at exploring ways to «build» peace and re-establish the future of the Continent on new foundations, marked a profound break with the past.
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La contribution française à la Déclaration fédéraliste internationale des mouvements de Résistance
La Délégation générale de la Résistance à Genève
Extract
Paolo CARAFFINI
La plupart des groupes non communistes de la Résistance française1 se sont prononcés en faveur d’une structure d’après-guerre basée sur une certaine forme de coopération ou d’intégration entre les États européens, en prenant souvent position pour une solution à matrice fédérale2. ← 189 | 190 → Rappelons, seulement à titre d’exemple, Combat, fondé, entre autres, par Henri Frenay3, Libérer et Fédérer, le journal socialiste Le Populaire, des feuilles comme Liberté, Résistance, Libération, Défense de la France et Le Franc-Tireur.
De la fusion de trois principaux mouvements de la Résistance de la zone Sud (Combat, Libération et Franc-Tireur) sont issus, le 26 janvier 1943, les Mouvements unis de Résistance (MUR)4 qui, sur l’initiative de Frenay, se dotèrent d’une Délégation à Genève, dont la tâche était entre autres de maintenir les rapports avec les Alliés, notamment avec l’ambassade américaine à Berne. En effet, la Suisse n’était pas en guerre, elle accueillait bon nombre de représentations diplomatiques et par ailleurs, elle était au centre d’un vaste réseau de services d’information. La Délégation avait donc la charge de collecter les informations en provenance de la France occupée et des mouvements de la Résistance intérieure et de les transmettre aux Alliés et aussi, évidemment, la démarche inverse, informer les résistants en France. En outre, l’objectif était...
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