Pluricentric Languages and Non-Dominant Varieties Worldwide

Table Of Contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the author
• About the book
• Citability of the eBook
• Preface
• Contents
• Series Information
• List of Contributors
• Part I Theoretical aspects of pluricentricity and the description of variation
• Misconceptions about pluricentric languages and pluricentric theory – an overview of 40 years,
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Misconception (MC) 1: The rejection of pluricentricity and its sources
• 3 Misconceptions in the early period of pluricentricity – battling with deep-rooted monocentric views about language
• 3.1 Misconception 2: The monocentric concept of languages as “mother” of all misconceptions about pluricentricity
• 3.2 Misconception 3: Pluricentricity considered as nationalism and chauvinism
• 3.3 Misconception 4: Pluricentricity considered to support purism and language policing
• 3.4 The social costs of the rejection of pluricentricity – observations since the early 1980s
• 4 Current misconceptions on PLCLs and NDVs
• 4.1 MC 4: The “One language – one nation – concept”
• 4.2 MC 5: Misleading terminology: The naming of national varieties: English in America or American English/Österreichisches Deutsch or Deutsch in Österreich
• 4.3 MC 6: The definition of PLCLs
• 4.4 MC 7: What is the description of PLCLs to be based on? Nations, states or regions – the pluriareal fallacy
• 4.5 MC 8: The naming of linguistic varieties within pluricentric languages to describe “Second level pluricentricity”
• 4.6 MC 9: Types of centres: Full, semi, quarter centre and rudimentary ones versus dominant and non-dominant ones
• 4.7 MC 10: The codification: Monolingualism, fixation on the so-called “standard variety” and the concept of the “borderline cases of standard” (Grenzfall des Standards)
• 5 Conclusion
• Pluricentricity and identity in the Malay World
• 1 Introduction
• 2 National variety: Indonesia (1945)
• 3 National variety: Malaya/Malaysia (1957)
• 4 National variety: Brunei (1985)
• 5 National variety: Singapore (1965)
• 6 Concluding remarks
• Part II “New” and “old” Asian and African pluricentric languages and their varieties: Hindi, Somali, Persian and English in Cameroon, India and Australia
• Somali as a pluricentric language: Corpus-based evidence from schoolbooks
• 1 Basic facts about Somali
• 2 Standardisation process
• 3 Documentation of the standard
• 4 Present situation in the Somali speaking areas
• 5 The emergence of national standards
• 6 Previous studies of Somali national standards
• 7 Somali corpora
• 8 Data illustrating the Somali situation
• 9 Corpus data
• 10 Summary
• The sociolinguistic role of non-normative Pidgin English in the 2016 anglophone Cameroon social upheaval
• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Cameroon’s sociolinguistic ecology
• 1.2 Cameroon Pidgin English: Origin, function and status
• 1.3 A perspective on “Models of pluricentricity: Nation, space and language”
• 2 The problem and sociolinguistic role of CPE in the 2016 anglophone Cameroon social upheaval
• 2.1 The problem
• 2.2 The sociolinguistic role of CPE in the 2016 anglophone Cameroon social upheaval
• 3 Methodology, data and analysis
• 3.1 Methodology
• 3.2 Data and analysis
• 4 Outcomes, findings and conclusion
• 4.1 Outcomes
• 4.2 Findings and Conclusion
• The development of Persian as a pluricentric language
• 1 Introduction
• 2 General linguistic features of Persian
• 3 The history of the development of the Persian language
• 4 The decline of Persian as Lingua Franca
• 5 Language policies and planning efforts in modern Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan during the 20th century
• 5.1 “Farsi” in Iran as dominant variety
• 5.2 “Dari” in Afghanistan as non-dominant variety
• 5.3 “Tajik(i)” in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan as non-dominant varieties
• 5.4 Some general observations on Persian as PCL since the 1990s
• 6 Conclusion
• Politics of identity and pluricentrism – Contact Hindi in Bihar as a case of third level pluricentrism
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Colonialism – nationalism and language in North India
• 3 Hindi the contact language
• 4 Hindi in colonial Bihar-identity eclipse and evolution of Contact Hindi of Bihar (CHB)
• 5 Hindi in Bihar after independence
• 6 Evolution of Contact Hindi in Bihar (CHB)
• 9 Contact Hindi in Bihar and identity
• 10 Levels of pluricentricity
• 11 Conclusion
• A diachronic analysis of multiword constructions in Indian English and Australian Aboriginal English,
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Background
• 3 Present study
• 4 Corpora design
• 5 Methodology
• 6 Results and discussion
• 7 Conclusions
• Part III Battles in pluricentric languages about self-definition: Albanian, Hungarian, Romanian and Belarusian Russian
• Pluricentric developments of Albanian between national unity and linguistic heterogeneity*
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Monocentrism as the savior of the nation
• 3 The history of the standardization of Albanian
• 4 First voices for linguistic diversity
• 5 Pluricentric reality
• 6 Pluricentric Albanian and pluricentric theories
• 7 Conclusion
• Albanian as a pluricentric language
• 1 The ongoing struggle in defence of language and land
• 2 The development of written Albanian and standardisation
• 3 Albanian standard varieties
• 4 Pluri-model of Albanian
• 5 Conclusions
• Hungarian as a pluricentric language and the attitude of Slovakian teacher trainees toward it
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The study and its methods
• 3 Results and discussion
• 4 Conclusion
• A study of Hungarian language use in high schools in Slovakia,,
• 1 The Slovak Hungarian variety
• 2 A sociolinguistic investigation of Slovakia Hungarian language use
• 3 Data and analysis
• 3.1 Results of morphological universal variables
• 3.2 The results of the universal morphosyntactic contact variable
• 3.3 Results of the morphosyntactic/syntactic analogous contact variable (főnök után/főnökhöz megy)
• 3.4 Results of the lexical contact variable
• 4 Conclusion
• Literary translation into Slovakia Hungarian?
• 1 Hungarian as a pluricentric language
• 2 Summary
• The Hungarian language in Croatia
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The beginnings of Hungarian as a pluricentric language
• 3 Centres of the Hungarian language
• 4 The legal status of Hungarian in Croatia
• 5 HC as a NDV of Hungarian – criteria for its description
• 5.1 Occurrence
• 5.2 Linguistic distance
• 5.3 Phonological characteristics
• 5.4 Morphological and morphosyntactic characteristics
• 5.5 Acceptance of pluricentricity
• 5.6 Significance for identity
• 5.7 Codification
• 5.8 Presence in public education
• 6 Summary
• Non-dominant varieties of Romanian in Serbia: Between pluricentricity and division
• 1 Romanian as a pluricentric language
• 2 Romanian varieties spoken in Serbia
• 2.1 Vojvodina Romanian
• 2.2 Vlach Romanian
• 3 Conclusion
• In search of identity: A corpus-based study of lexical variation in Belarusian Russian
• 1 Introduction: The sociolinguistic situation in Belarus
• 2 Materials and methods
• 3 General description of Belarusian ethnonyms
• 4 Neutral and expressive ethnonyms
• 5 Codified and uncodified variants
• 6 Conclusion
• Part IV German and Luxemburgish in a trilingual setting
• ‘Luxemburger Standarddeutsch’. On the future of the German language in Luxembourg
• 1 Background: German in multilingual Luxembourg – ambiguities, controversies, perspectives
• 2 Multilingual Luxembourg – role and function of the German language
• 3 Luxembourgish German as a future perspective
• 4 Luxembourgish German caught between nationality and sovereignty
• 5 Luxembourgish standard German as a task
• 6 Conclusion
• Trilingualism in Luxembourg: The role of Lëtzebuergesch – upgrading a regional variety to a national language
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Luxembourg
• 2.1 Country and population
• 2.2 History
• 3 The linguistic situation of Luxembourg
• 3.1 Historical development
• 3.2 The legal situation
• 3.3 The use of the languages of Luxembourg
• 3.4 Languages in legal matters and politics
• 3.5 Languages at school
• 3.6 The language of the media, culture and religion
• 4 Lëtzebuergesch
• 4.1 Historic developments until World War II
• 4.2 Lëtzebuergesch as the national language
• 4.3 Orthography
• 4.4 Promoting Lëtzebuergesch
• 5 Trilingualism
• 5.1 The importance of trilingualism
• 5.2 Luxembourg: A partially exoglossic nation
• 6 Problems with Lëtzebuergesch
• 6.1 Further status increase
• 6.2 Is Lëtzebuergesch endangered?
• 7 Conclusions
• Part V The pluricentricity of Spanish in different contexts and in its history
• Ayer he comprado un aire acondicionado
• 1 Introduction and aims of the study
• 2 Theoretical background
• 2.1 PP vs. Preterit
• 2.2 Subgoals of the present study
• 2.3 Data and methodology
• 3 Quantitative and qualitative analyses
• 3.1 Peninsular Spanish
• 3.1.1 CREA analysis
• 3.1.2 CORDE analysis
• 3.2 Other Spanish varieties
• 3.2.1 CREA analysis
• 3.2.2 CORDE analysis
• 4 Conclusion and outlook
• Anglicisms in the Spanish of Utica, NY: Unique and shared with worldwide varieties of Spanish
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Methodology
• 3 Results
• 4 Discussion
• 5 Conclusion
• ¡Oye Siri! – pluricentricity in new media
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Pluricentricity in new media
• 3 Siri
• 4 ¡Oye Siri!: Hypothesis, methodology and corpus analysis
• 4.1 Spanish varieties offered by Siri: A selection of expected characteristics
• 4.2 ¡Oye Siri!: The corpus analysis
• 4.2.1 Morphosyntax
• 4.2.2 Lexis
• 4.2.3 Phonetics and phonology
• 4.3 Summary
• 5 Conclusion and further perspectives
• The history of perulero: A polysemous Spanish word and its endogenous and exogenous textual usage from the 16th century to the 19th century
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Peruleros – a brief lexicographic (and historiographic) approach. The historical perspective on peruleros
• 3 The lexicographic perspective
• 4 The textual presence of perulero – some preliminary corpus findings
• 5 An early colonial pluricentric space? – some thoughts on the basis of the geographical provenience of texts
• 6 Summary
• Nineteenth-century Hispano-American lexicography: Functions and discourse
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The diccionarios de provincialismos as the first Hispano-American lexicography
• 3 Functions of the diccionarios de provincialismos
• 4 Common elements in the diccionarios de provincialismos’ lexicographical discourse
• 5 Conclusion
• Is there a standard pronunciation of Bulgarian Judeo-Spanish? Evidence from /e/-to-[i]‌ raising in read and spontaneous speech,
• 1 Judeo-Spanish in Bulgaria: A brief introduction
• 2 The phonology of (Bulgarian) Judeo-Spanish: A short overview
• 3 Raising of unstressed /e/ to [i]‌ in Bulgarian Judeo-Spanish
• 4 Concluding remarks
• Part VI The pluricentricity of French outside Europe
• Hexagonal French and Canadian/Québec French as two solitudes in Canada: Consequences at the societal, business and political levels
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Canadian agenda
• 3 The two new solitudes
• 4 Prejudices, prejudices and more prejudices …
• 5 A picture is worth a thousand words
• 6 Societal arena
• 7 Political arena
• 8 Business arena
• 9 Conclusion
• Twice removed from the centre: French in Acadia and its double peripheral status
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Acadia within North American French
• 3 Historical perspective
• 4 Linguistic practices
• 5 Glossaries of Acadian French
• 6 Acadianisms in Usito
• 6.1 Geolinguistic marking
• 6.2 Appendices
• 6.3 Choice of nomenclature
• 7 Conclusion
• French-Creole in La-Reunion: Problems of defining a “language” for educational purposes
• 1 Creoles and pluricentricity – a brief introduction
• 2 A note on normativity in French-Creole language contact
• 3 Methods
• 4 Analysis and interpretation of results
• 5 Conclusion
• Part VII The pluricentricity of Portuguese worldwide
• The implementation of endogenous syntactic features in Brazilian standard writing
• 1 Introduction – the believes of monocentric language communities
• 2 The implementation of non-salient features related to the pronominal system
• 3 The implementation of other innovative Brazilian features
• 4 Some consequences of the conflict between what we can speak and must write
• 5 Resolving the gap between prescription and use
• 6 Summary
• The expression of the future tense in varieties of Portuguese spoken in Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Guinea Bissau and in São Tome and Principe
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Portuguese: A pluricentric language
• 3 The inherent instability of the future tense
• 4 Conclusions
• Revisiting oblique relatives in the diachrony of Brazilian and European Portuguese: Interinfluence between BP and EP in the constitution of a norm?
• 1 Previous studies on the oblique relatives in BP and PE – the problem
• 2 The oblique relatives in the diachrony of Portuguese written in Brazil and in Portugal in the 19th and 20th centuries: what does empiria tell us?
• 2.1 Brazilian personal letters from the 19th and 20th centuries
• 2.2 Portuguese personal letters from the 19th and 20th centuries
• 3 Loose ends: Is there a mutual influence between the two endonormative varieties of Portuguese regarding the oblique relatives?
• From island to island: The variety of portuguese spoken by Madeirans in Montreal
• 1 A brief explanation of the title: “From island to island”
• 2 Introduction
• 3 Montreal – an “island” between Canada and Quebec
• 4 “A Comunidade” – the Portuguese “island” of Montreal
• 5 The Portuguese “islands” within Little Portugal
• 6 The Madeiran Portuguese in Montreal
• 6.1 Methodology
• 6.2 Overview of the Madeiran speakers in Montreal
• 6.2.1 Features of Madeiran Portuguese in Montreal
• 6.2.2 Phonetic features of Madeiran Portuguese in Montreal
• 6.2.3 Structural Features of Madeiran Portuguese in Montreal
• 7 Conclusion