Cognition and Temporality

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ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1.1. Vincent Van Gogh (1853–1890). The Night Café at Arles, 1888.

Figure 1.2. Edouard Manet (1832–1883). Dejeuner sur l’herbe (Luncheon on the Grass), 1863.

Figure 2.1. Sandro Botticelli (1444–1510). Mars and Venus, ca. 1485.

Figure 2.2. Sandro Botticelli (1444–1510). Primavera (Spring). Post-Restoration. Ca. 1481.

Figure 2.3. Vincent Van Gogh (1853–1890). Pére Tanguy, 1887/88.

Figure 2.4. Johannes Itten (1888–1967). Encounter / Begegnung, 1916.

Figure 2.5. Johannes Itten (1888–1967). Horizontal Vertical / Horizontal Vertikal, 1915.

Figure 2.6. Salvador Dali (1904–1989) © ARS NY. The Persistence of Memory, 1931.

Figure 2.7. Salvador Dali (1904–1989). The Sacrament of the Last Supper, 1955.

Figure 3.1. Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn (1606–1669). Entombment of Christ.

Figure 3.2. Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn (1606–1669). Resurrection of Christ. ← ix | x →

Figure 3.3. Paul Cézanne (1839–1906). The Quarry at Bibemus, ca. 1895.

Figure 3.4. Paul Cézanne (1839–1906). Quartier Four, Auvers-sur-Oise (Landscape, Auvers), ca. 1873.

Figure 3.5. Paul Cézanne (1839–1906). Still Life with Apples, 1895–98.

Figure 3.6. Gustave Courbet (1819–1877). The Stonebreakers, ca. 1848.

Figure 3.7. Gustave Courbet (1819–1877). Desperate, self-portrait, 1841.

Figure 3.8. Leonardo Da Vinci (1452–1519). Annunciation. Post-cleaning. ca. 1472.

Figure 4.1. Giambattista Tiepolo (1696–1770). The Angel Stops the Sacrifice of Isaac.

Figure 4.2. Giambattista Tiepolo (1696–1770). Mercury Exhorting Aeneas to Depart Carthage, c. 1757.

Figure 4.3. Winston S. Churchill (1874–1965). At the Pyramids, 1921 (C 86).

Figure 4.4 Winston S. Churchill (1874–1965). Mimizan Plage, Landes, 1920 (C 69).

Figure 4.5. Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (1796–1875). Stone Quarry at Fontainebleau.

Figure 4.6. Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (1796–1875). The bridge at Narni, Italy.

Figure 4.7. Nicolas Poussin (1594–1665). The Shepherds of Arcadia (Et in Arcadia Ego).

Figure 4.8. Nicolas Poussin (1594–1665). Landscape with the Burial of Phocion.

Figure 4.9. Nicolas Poussin (1594–1665). Autumn or the Grapes brought from the Promised Land, 1660–1664.

Figure 4.10. Vasily Kandinsky (1866–1944) © ARS, NY. Circles in a Circle, 1923.

Figure 4.11. Vasily Kandinsky (1866–1944) © ARS, NY. Composition 8, July 1923.

Figure 5.1. Fraternal Twin 1, Sandbox Composition.

Figure 5.2. Fraternal Twin 2, Sandbox Composition.

Figure 5.3. Identical Twin 1, Sandbox Composition.

Figure 5.4. Identical Twin 2, Sandbox Composition.

Figure 6.1. Stephen C. Pepper (1891–1972). Sketch of Greek Ruins.

Figure 6.2. Stephen C. Pepper (1891–1972). Sketch of Athens and Acropolis. ← x | xi →

Figure 6.3. Charles Hovey Pepper (1864–1950). Mountain Lake.

Figure 6.4. Charles Hovey Pepper (1864–1950). Dutch Girl.

Figure 6.5. Charles Hovey Pepper (1865–1950). Self-Portrait.

Figure 6.6. Andrew Paul Ushenko. Sketch of Alphabetic Letter.

Figure 6.7. Andrew Paul Ushenko. Man and Crowd of Sailors.

Figure 6.8. Audrey Ushenko. Self-Portrait Painting.

Figure 6.9. Audrey Ushenko. All of Mankind (Group Engaged with Each Other and Art).

Figure 6.10. Audrey Ushenko. Homage to Mel Leipzig (Group Engaged with Each Other and Art).

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The extraordinary openness of so many archival sources, and significant individuals, enabled the primary research of this text. Among these individuals are Audrey Ushenko whose generosity and thoughtful cooperation facilitated my work with both her art and that of her father. Derek Tarson kindly gave me permission to use the archival sources of his grandfather, Stephen C. Pepper. Jim Merrick of Colby College whose help with the Charles Hovey Pepper archives secured invaluable primary materials. Qianni Zhu, Director of the Colby Museum, graciously provided paintings by Charles Hovey Pepper. Courtney Kopplin of the Vose Gallery in Boston, Massachusetts generously facilitated my getting permission from a private individual for additional paintings of Charles Hovey Pepper, including a rare self-portrait. Adam Matheny, head of the Twin Study at the University of Louisville made possible my research with the thought of twins, so central to the etiology which I have pursued in my interpretation of why and how verbal and figural grammar are essentially the same. And, a special acknowledgement must go to the many students over many years who agreed to participate in the descriptive exercises that lent to the development of my theory.

Finally, as a cultural historian I want to honor the history of thought to which I trust I have contributed. This text began as a seminal idea at the Moore College of Arts as I read and taught 30 cooperative students Johannes ← xiii | xiv → Itten’s philosophy of art. His mind reached across the decades and generated a career long search for what he wanted to know—what is the underlying meaning of figural form. Over the years Immanuel Kant and Edmund Husserl helped me see the essential sameness of verbal and figural grammar in the pre-reflective mind-set of each individual.

From this basis, the historiographical theory of Stephen C. Pepper, Andrew Paul Ushenko, and Hayden White enabled me to understand the differing levels of grammar and concept that functioned to differentiate what I came to call the “historical logics” in verbalization and figuration in individual expression.

Jonas Langer, a child behavioral psychologist, in his inquiry into the logic of ostensive and figural grammar in children gave me a basis that enabled me to move towards an understanding of psychogenetic cause in our pre-reflective formation and use of grammars.

I must also include my indebtedness to Thomas Hobbes and his rejuvenation of the ‘Riddle of the Theseus’ as a statement that preserves the vision of multiple objective perspectives in judgment. Johann Martin Chladenius continued that in German culture.

Finally, Noam Chomsky’s development of his theory of deep structural generation of sentences made my work theoretically grounded in normative linguistics.