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Code-switching

A Case Study of Kurdish-German Pre-school Bilingual Children

by Baban Mohamed (Author)
©2014 Thesis 141 Pages

Summary

The state of acquiring more than one language as a child or an adult is not the exception; it is rather an everyday reality for a quite substantial part of today’s society. This book explores the phenomenon of code-switching within the field of child bilingualism from both linguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. Based on collected data from Kurdish-German pre-school bilingual children in Austria, this empirical study aims at giving an analysis of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors that constrain child code-switching. The book shows specific interest in practices of code switching and mixing as displayed by Kurdish subjects of the study and in how far these can be sufficiently explained by existing models of (adult) bilingual language behavior. The results clearly show that code-switching can be related to the identity and characteristics of the speakers or to aspects of their social life, and that it can be subconsciously used to manage conflict when different languages are associated with different roles in a community.

Table Of Contents

  • Cover
  • Title
  • Copyright
  • About the author(s)/editor(s)
  • About the book
  • This eBook can be cited
  • Acknowledgements
  • Preface
  • Table of contents
  • List of tables and figures
  • List of abbreviations
  • 0. Introduction
  • 0.1. Aim of the project
  • 0.2. Motives
  • 0.3. Approach
  • 1. Language acquisition and bilingualism
  • 1.1. Describing the phenomenon of bilingualism
  • 1.2. Monolingual vs. bilingual acquisition
  • 1.2.1. Monolingual acquisition
  • 1.2.2. Bilingual acquisition
  • 1.3. Bilingualism
  • 1.3.1. Definitions and descriptions
  • 1.3.2. Types of bilingualism
  • 1.3.2.1. Balanced bilingualism
  • 1.3.2.2. Semilingualism
  • 2. Code-switching (CS)
  • 2.1. Defining the term
  • 2.2. Code-switching vs. code-mixing and other related phenomena
  • 2.2.1. Code mixing
  • 2.2.2. Borrowing
  • 2.2.3. Interference
  • 2.2.4. Transfer
  • 2.3. Terminology
  • 2.4. Categorization of CS
  • 2.4.1. Types of CS
  • 2.4.2. Processes of intrasentnetial CS
  • 3. Linguistic factors on CS
  • 3.1. Code-switching is not random
  • 3.2. Constraints on CS
  • 3.2.1. Particular grammatical constraints
  • 3.2.1.1. Mahootian (1996)
  • 3.2.1.2. Timm (1975)
  • 3.2.2. General constraints
  • 3.2.2.1. The free morpheme constraint
  • 3.2.2.2. The equivalence constraint
  • 3.3. Theoretical model of intrasentential CS
  • 3.3.1. The Matrix Language Model (ML)
  • 3.3.1.1. Early accounts of the Matrix Language Model
  • 3.3.1.1.1. Joshi: Matrix Language Model (ML)
  • 3.3.1.1.1.1. Closed class vs. open class items
  • 3.3.1.1.1.2. Constraints on closed class items
  • 3.3.1.2. Base language vs. embedded language
  • 3.3.2. Myers-Scotton: Matrix Language Frame Model (MLF)
  • 3.3.2.1. Defining the Matrix Language and the Embedded Language
  • 3.3.2.2. Types of constituents of the MLF Model
  • 3.3.2.3. Content morphemes vs. system morphemes
  • 3.4. Lexical development of bilingual children
  • 4. Functional factors on CS
  • 4.1. Situational vs. metaphorical switching
  • 4.2. ‘We code’ vs. ‘they code’ opposition
  • 4.3. The Markedness model
  • 5. Speech community
  • 5.1. Use of the term
  • 5.2. Definitions of speech community
  • 6. The Study
  • 6.1. The fieldwork: Kurdish immigrant community
  • 6.1.1. An asylum community
  • 6.1.2. The Kurdish speech community
  • 6.2. The languages of this study
  • 6.2.1. Inflectional morphemes
  • 6.2.1.1. Noun inflection / Declension
  • 6.2.1.1.1. Noun inflection in Kurdish
  • 6.2.1.1.1.1. Definition
  • 6.2.1.1.1.2. Number
  • 6.2.1.1.2. Personal pronoun inflection
  • 6.2.1.1.2.1. Personal pronouns
  • 6.2.1.1.3. Nouns with pronominal suffixes
  • 6.2.1.1.2. Noun Inflection in German
  • 6.2.1.2. Verb inflection / Conjugation
  • 6.2.1.2.1. Verb inflection in Kurdish
  • 6.2.1.2.2. Verb inflection in German
  • 6.2.2. Negation
  • 6.2.3. Phrasal structure in Kurdish
  • 6.2.3.1. Nominal phrases
  • 6.2.3.2. Verbal phrase
  • 6.2.3.2.1. Verbal phrases with the Kurdish operator krdn
  • 6.2.3.3. Prepositional phrase
  • 6.2.4. Clause word order
  • 6.2.5. Other phenomena
  • 6.2.5.1. Pro-drop / Null-subject parameter
  • 6.2.5.2. Case morphology
  • 6.2.5.3. Gender distinction
  • 7. Subjects and recordings
  • 7.1. Method of observation
  • 7.2. Subjects
  • 7.3. Recordings
  • 8. Kurdish-German intrasentential CS: data and analysis
  • 8.1. What is not accounted as CS
  • 8.2. The data
  • 8.3. Data analysis
  • 8.3.1. Categories switched
  • 8.3.1.1. Noun
  • 8.3.1.2. Verb
  • 8.3.1.3. Adverb
  • 8.3.1.4. Preposition
  • 8.3.2. Affixation of Kurdish morphemes to German lexemes
  • 8.3.2.1. German noun plus Kurdish suffixes
  • 8.3.2.2. Kurdish-German compound verbs
  • 8.3.3. Compound verbs in the CS literature
  • 8.3.4. What is special about German-Kurdish compound verbs?
  • 8.3.5. Summary
  • 9. Constraints on Kurdish-German CS data
  • 9.1. Universal constraints
  • 9.1.1. The free morpheme constraint
  • 9.1.2. The equivalence constraint
  • 9.2. The closed class constraint
  • 9.3. Applying Myers-Scotton’s MLF model to the data
  • 9.3.1. Identifying the Matrix Language (ML) in the data
  • 9.3.1.1. The frequency counting criterion
  • 9.3.1.2. Language proficiency
  • 9.3.2. Separating content and system morphemes
  • 9.3.3. The Matrix Language hypothesis
  • 9.3.4. The dominant-language hypothesis (Petersen 1988)
  • 9.3.5. Criterion for identifying the ML in the data
  • 9.3.6. Summary of linguistic constraints on Kurdish-German CS
  • 10. Functional factors on Kurdish-German CS
  • 10.1. Data classification
  • 10.2. CS indexing rejection and anger
  • 10.3. Home language
  • 10.4. ‘Children code’ versus ‘parents code’
  • 10.5. The unmarked codes of home interaction
  • 11. Conclusion
  • 12. Bibliography
  • Internet Sources
  • 13. Appendix
  • 13.1. Appendix 1
  • 13.2. Appendix 2

| 15 →

List of tables and figures

| 17 →

Abbreviations

| 19 →

0. Introduction

0.1. Aim of the project

Details

Pages
141
Year
2014
ISBN (PDF)
9783653042023
ISBN (ePUB)
9783653992939
ISBN (MOBI)
9783653992922
ISBN (Softcover)
9783631646830
DOI
10.3726/978-3-653-04202-3
Language
English
Publication date
2014 (May)
Keywords
Bilingualism Monolingualism Kurdisch kurdische Einwanderergesellschaft Kurdische Sprache :
Published
Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien, 2014. 141 pp., 2 tables, 6 graphs

Biographical notes

Baban Mohamed (Author)

Baban Mohamed studied English Language and Literature at the University of Sulaimania (Kurdistan Region of Iraq) and English Studies (General/Applied Linguistics) at the University of Salzburg (Austria). His research interests are in the areas of bilingual acquisition, child code-switching and sociolinguistics.

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144 pages