Choices and Constraints

Table Of Contents

• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• About the author
• About the book
• This eBook can be cited
• Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• List of Abbreviations
• Chapter One: Introduction
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Statement of the problem
• 1.3 Research questions
• 1.4 Justification of key terms
• 1.5 Structure of the book
• Chapter Two: Background of the Study
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Background of the study
• 2.2.1 Gender and China’s higher education system
• 2.2.2 The evolution of China’s employment policy for university graduates
• 2.2.3 China’s efforts to improve gender inequality
• 2.2.4 Gender differences in China’s urban labour market
• 2.2.4.1 Gender differences in labour force participation
• 2.2.4.2 Gender earnings gap
• 2.2.4.3 Occupational segregation by gender
• 2.2.4.4 Gender differences in China’s graduate Labour market
• 2.2.5 Motherhood penalty and childcare in China
• 2.2.5.1 Motherhood penalty
• 2.2.5.2 Childcare
• 2.2.6 Gender ideology in China
• 2.2.6.1 Traditional view - Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism
• 2.2.6.2 Modern view - Marxism, Maoism, Deng’s gender ideas and the equal opportunity model
• 2.3 Conclusion
• Chapter Three: Review of the Relevant Literature and Theories
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Explaining gender differences in the labour market
• 3.2.1 Individualist approaches
• 3.2.2 Structuralist perspectives
• 3.2.3 Approaches emphasizing both choice and constraint
• 3.3 The conceptual framework: choice and constraint
• 3.3.1 Choice
• 3.3.2 Constraint
• 3.4 Conclusion
• Chapter Four: Research Design and Methodology
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Research design
• 4.2.1 Identifying the research design
• 4.2.2 Specifying the mixed methods sequential explanatory design
• 4.3 Designing the questionnaire
• 4.3.1 The framework of the questionnaire
• 4.3.2 Items and dimensions of the questionnaire
• 4.3.2.1 Dimension one: Higher education variables
• 4.3.2.2 Dimension two: Life role orientations
• 4.3.2.3 Dimension three: Employment expectations
• 4.3.2.4 Dimension four: Demography
• 4.4 Formulating the interview schedule
• 4.5 Sampling the research respondents
• 4.5.1 The research setting
• 4.5.2 Sampling for the questionnaire survey
• 4.5.2.1 Sampling for the pilot
• 4.5.2.2 Sampling for the main study
• 4.5.3 Sampling for the semi-structured interview
• 4.5.3.1 Sampling for the pilot
• 4.5.3.2 Sampling for the main study
• 4.6 The pilot and main study
• 4.6.1 Getting access to the research respondents
• 4.6.2 The questionnaire survey
• 4.6.2.1 The pilot
• Undertaking the pilot
• Changes after the pilot
• 4.6.2.2 The main study
• 4.6.3 The interviews
• 4.6.3.1 The pilot
• 4.6.3.2 The main study
• 4.7 Ethical considerations
• 4.7.1 Voluntary participation
• 4.7.2 Informed consent
• 4.7.3 Anonymity and confidentiality
• 4.8 Reliability and validity
• 4.9 Data analysis
• 4.9.1 Data reduction
• 4.9.2 Data display
• 4.9.3 Data integration
• 4.10 Conclusion
• Chapter Five: Gender Differences in Final Year Undergraduates’ Salary Expectations
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Gender differences in university graduates’ actual salaries
• 5.3 Gender differences in final year undergraduates’ salary expectations
• 5.3.1 Gender, programmes and salary expectations
• 5.3.2 Gender, social background and salary expectations
• 5.3.2.1 Measurements of family backgrounds
• Parental education
• Parental occupation
• Family income
• Place of origin
• 5.3.2.2 Gender differences in final year undergraduates’ salary expectations by family background
• 5.4 Factors affecting gender differences in final year undergraduates’ salary expectations
• 5.4.1 The economic roles being played in the family between husband and wife
• 5.4.1.1 The economic role differences between husband and wife
• 5.4.1.2 The traditional economic role differences in the family: whether it could be changed?
• 5.4.2 Experienced or perceived sex discrimination in the labour market
• 5.4.2.1 Various formats of experienced or perceived sex discrimination
• 5.4.2.2 Interviewees’ attitudes towards sex discrimination
• 5.5 Conclusion
• Chapter Six: Gender Differences in Final Year Undergraduates’ Occupational Expectations
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Gender differences in occupational distribution in China’s urban labour market
• 6.3 Male and female university graduates’ occupational choices for their first jobs
• 6.4 Gender differences in final year undergraduates’ occupational expectations
• 6.4.1 Gender patterns in ‘Education’ sec102"#sec103">6.4.2 Gender patterns in employment in ‘Party Agencies and Social Organizations’ in China
• 6.5 Factors contributing to gender differences in final year undergraduates’ occupational expectations
• 6.5.1 Findings from the questionnaire data
• 6.5.2 Findings from the interview data
• 6.5.2.1 Same choice - Education -, different reasons
• 6.5.2.2 Same choice - Party Agencies and Social Organizations -, different reasons
• 6.6 Conclusion
• Chapter Seven: Gender Differences in Final Year Undergraduates’ Working Region Expectations
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Regional disparities and labour force mobility in China
• 7.2.1 China’s policy responses to regional disparities
• 7.2.2 Snapshot of regional disparities in contemporary China
• 7.2.3 Labour force mobility in China
• 7.3 Gender differences in final year undergraduates’ working region expectations
• 7.3.1 Working region choices for university graduates
• 7.3.2 Gender differences in final year undergraduates’ working region expectations in the study
• 7.4 Factors affecting gender differences in final year undergraduates’ working region expectations
• 7.4.1 The gendered orientations
• 7.4.2 The impact of parents’ expectations
• 7.5 Conclusion
• Chapter Eight: Discussion and Conclusion
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Summary and discussion of the findings
• 8.2.1 Summary of the findings
• 8.2.2 Discussion of the findings
• 8.2.2.1 Different economic roles being played in the family between the genders
• 8.2.2.2 Sex discrimination in China’s labour market
• 8.2.2.3 Various job preferences between men and women
• 8.2.2.4 The impact of parents’ expectations on their children’s working region expectations
• 8.3 Implications
• 8.3.1 Legal change
• 8.3.2 Policy change
• 8.3.3 Cultural change
• 8.3.4 Change within the education system
• 8.4 Limitations of the study
• 8.5 Directions for further research
• 8.6 Conclusion
• References
• Appendix A: Consent Form for Interview (English)
• 1. Title of the Research Project
• 2. Details of the Project
• 3. Correspondence Details
• 4. Confidentiality
• 5. Anonymity
• 6. Consent
• Appendix B Consent Form for Interview (Chinese)
• Index