Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary

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Preface

The history of this dictionary begins around the year 2000 with a set of lecture notes called A Small Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary, which I wrote for students of Lithuanian studies at the University of Warsaw. At first it numbered about 100 pages, later about 200, and was conceived as a teaching aid for a course on the historical grammar of Lithuanian. The course consisted of lectures and exercises, the latter based on reading Old Lithuanian texts and interpreting the forms of these texts, on the one hand from a philological standpoint, and on the other from a comparative-historical and in fact etymological standpoint. The sole Lithuanian etymological dictionary at the time was Ernst Fraenkel’s Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1955–1965, abbreviated LEW). Since it was available at the university library in only a single copy and was written moreover in German, a language not very popular among the students, it became necessary to remedy this difficult situation. Hence the above-mentioned lecture notes. Regular consulting of Fraenkel’s dictionary naturally led me to reflection and prompted a critical analysis of the author’s explanations. However much I may have initially lacked the makings of an etymologist, I became one willy-nilly: I began incorporating into the lecture notes explanations which differed from those of Fraenkel, at first occasionally, but over time ever more frequently. By late 2006, the lecture notes had ceased to be lecture notes; they had taken on the shape of a dictionary numbering nearly 800 pages. The etymological analysis now encompassed the main word-stock of Lithuanian recorded in the academy dictionary, Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (1941–2002, abbreviated LKŽ), including the oldest Slavic borrowings. Thanks to the kindly interest of Lithuanian linguists, this work (abbreviated SEJL) appeared in print in late 2007, as a publication of Vilnius University.¹ I subsequently continued the work, and with a second edition of the dictionary in mind greatly expanded its scope, writing etymologies for many words of Old Lithuanian, as well as for dialectal words which had recently appeared in dictionaries published in Lithuania. At the same time, I sought to improve the dictionary text, responding to issues raised by reviewers of SEJL. Alongside my own morphological and etymological dictum, there now appeared interpretations proposed by other etymologists, as well as bibliographic references for individual words. In 2011, I submitted this new version of SEJL, now numbering 1,600 pages, to the National Programme for the Development of the Humanities, a governmental competition, and was awarded funding sufficient to produce an English version of the dictionary. It took four years to realize this task, although the original plan anticipated only two years. This was due to two circumstances. First, the large scale ← ix | x → of difficulties encountered by translators not familiar with the realia of everyday Lithuanian life, especially the specifics of rural life, farming, customs, beliefs, folklore, etc. The second reason for the delay was that immediately after the publication of SEJL, there appeared on the market a whole series of comprehensive dictionaries, produced within the framework of Leiden University’s Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series project under the direction of Alexander Lubotsky, cf. de Vaan (Latin, 2008), Kloekhorst (Hittite, 2008), Derksen (Slavic, 2008), Martirosyan (Armenian, 2009), Matasović (Proto-Celtic, 2009), Beekes (Greek, 2010), Kroonen (Proto-Germanic, 2013). In this situation, it became imperative to check all these works for their treatment of Lithuanian examples — no easy task. 2015 brought further delay, as there appeared two more dictionaries, dealing this time with precisely the same material as in my field of interest. These were the Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (ALEW), ed. W. Hock (Hamburg 2015), and Derksen’s Baltic Inherited Lexicon (BIL, Leiden-Boston 2015). ALEW analyzes lexical material from before 1700, termed Old Lithuanian, a large part of which are Slavic borrowings from Old Belarusian, Belarusian, and Polish. BIL, in turn, focuses on singling out from the lexicon of the three Baltic languages the inherited Indo-European elements, that is, what is left after eliminating Balto-Slavic or “Northern Indo-European” innovations, secondary derivatives, borrowings, and onomatopoeia. These two works can be said to complement LED, since the latter encompasses the entirety of the Lithuanian lexicon, irrespective of its historical (16^th–21^st cc). or dialectal differentiation (dialecal words are treated on a par with the standard), and without regard for a distinction between “primary words” and “secondary words.” In addition, LED records a large number of borrowings (mainly Slavic, but also German) and a considerable selection of onomatopoeic words. Reference to previous etymological works has been kept to an absolute minimum in LED, in view of the online database developed on the initiative of Prof. Vincas Urbutis at Vilnius University’s Department of Baltic Studies (see http://etimologija.baltnexus.lt).

In some ways, LED differs from the pioneering work of Fraenkel (LEW): 1 ° It gives priority to “word” etymologies over so-called “root” etymologies (Wurzeletymologie). 2 ° It does not subscribe to the theory of root extensions (Wurzelerweiterungen), and thus does not seek, for example, a common denominator for forms as diverse as briáutis, braũkti, Latv. bružât and RuCS brŭsnuti (LEW 54 f., s.v. braũkti). 3 ° In analyzing lexemes inherited from PIE, LED adheres to the current model of vocalic alternations, which assumes a theory of three PIE laryngeal consonants (see Smoczyński 2006). 4 ° Lexical material characterized by ablaut alternations is broken down in LED into ablaut grades (e-grade, o-grade, zero-grade, lengthened zero-grade, etc.); the aim of this stratification is to reveal preserved features of Lithuanian morphonology. 5 ° More often than in LEW, the entries in LED end with the statements “Unclear,” “No etymology,” “Without good etymology.” The aim of this practice is to clearly demarcate uncertain material, requiring further research, from material which has been positively (or at least to some extent) etymologized.

Of course the quality of an etymological dictionary is determined not so much by the competence of its author, as by the quantity and quality of the works used to prepare a synthesis of this kind. I have in mind, on the one hand, lexical monographs, especially monographs devoted to close-knit semantic fields, such as terms for parts of the body, both human and animal, farm buildings (and their structural details), human activities, including crafts (together with terms for tools), village festivities, plants ← x | xi → and trees, wild and domestic animals, farming, fishing, and weaving terminology, onomatopoeic words, etc.; and, on the other hand, historical-comparative monographs in various areas of morphology and word formation (e.g. ablaut in conjunction with affixation, compounding, the genesis of particles). There is at present a dearth of such works for Lithuanian lexicography; the exceptions can be counted on the fingers of one hand. In the area of ethnographic terminology, some help has recently been provided by the LEEŽ dictionary, although for purely linguistic purposes it is not sufficient.

On the structure of lexical entries in LED:

1 Cf. Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego. Lietuvių kalbos etimologinis žodynas. Wilno: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego / Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2007. Vol. I: XXVII + 823. Vol. II: Indeks wyrazów litewskich, 308 pp. ISBN 978-9955-33-152-0. — Reviews: W. Mańczak, Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego LXIV, 2008, 289–293; W. Mańczak, Acta Baltico-Slavica 33, 2009, 289–295; W.R. Schmalstieg, Baltistica XLIII:2, 2008, 315–320; V.A. Vitkauskas, Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LX, 2009, 129–134; A. Je. Anikin, Voprosy jazykoznanija, 2009:4, 152–156; D. Petit, Kratylos 58, 2013, 74–84.

2 Selected, but without intending to be exhaustive, from the official list of Lietuvos TSR administracinio-teritorinio suskirstymo žinynas. Part II. Prepared by Z. Noreika and V. Stravinskas. Vilnius: Mintis, 1976.

3 All cited after the hydronymic dictionary of A. Vanagas (1981).

4 Selected from the dictionary Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas, see Sources, s.v. LPŽ.

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Acknowledgements

The present dictionary (LED) was translated over the years 2012–2016 from the Polish original titled Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego (SEJL). The translators were Michał Janowski (Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz; A-Ki), Michał Biliński (Ivan Franko National University in Lviv; Kl-R) and Mateusz Urban (Jagellonian University, Cracow; S-Ž). The English version was edited by Axel Holvoet (Vilnius University) and Steven Young (University of Maryland, Baltimore County). The entire text was given a final check for uniformity by Axel Holvoet. Those parts of the text that had not gone through the hands of a native speaker of English were additionally checked by Wayles Browne (Cornell University, Ithaca, NY), who also gave many useful comments on the manuscript. The work was funded by a programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Warsaw, titled National Programme for the Development of the Humanities (project no. 31H 11 0062 80).

The material of Indo-European languages cited in LED was checked by Dariusz Piwowarczyk (Cracow); Anna Daugavet (Saint Petersburg) checked the Latvian examples and Ivan I. Luchyc-Fedarec (Minsk) — the Belarusian examples. Various comments, corrections, and clarifications were provided by Aleksey V. Andronov, Aleksandr J. Anikin, †Andrzej Bańkowski, Leszek Bednarczuk, Piotr Biliński, Wayles Browne, Auksuolė Čepaitienė, Jost Gippert, Bernd Gliwa, Axel Holvoet, Svetozar Lashin, Greta Lemanaitė Deprati, †Witold Mańczak, Mikhail Oslon, Jurgis Pakerys, †Ralf-Peter Ritter, William R. Schmalstieg, Antanas Smetona, Mikita Suprunchuk, Rafał Szeptyński, †Xavier Tremblay, †Vincas Urbutis, †Vytautas Vitkauskas, Steven Young, Michael Weiss, and Zigmas Zinkevičius. My sincere thanks to all for their collaboration and assistance.

Cracow, August 2016

Wojciech Smoczyński

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Abbreviations and Symbols

A. Languages

Aeol. Aeolic

Alb. Albanian

Arc. Arcadian

Arm. Armenian

Att. Attic

Aukšt. Aukštaitian

Av. Avestan

Balt. Baltic

Bg. Bulgarian

Boeot. Boeotian

Br. Belarusian

Bret. Breton

BSl. Balto-Slavic

Čak. Čakavian

CLuw. Cuneiform Luwian

Cret. Cretan

Croat. Croatian

CS Church Slavic

Cur. Curonian

Cypr. Cypriot

Cz. Czech

Dan. Danish

Dor. Doric

Dzūk. Dzūkian

Est. Estonian

Etr. Etruscan

Fi. Finnish

Fr. French

Fris. Frisian

Gm. Germanic

Go. Gothic

Gr. Greek

Hitt. Hittite

HLuw. Hieroglyphic Luwian

Hom. Homeric

Hsch. Greek (in Hesychius)

Hung. Hungarian

Ic. Icelandic

IE Indo-European

IIr. Indo-Iranian

Ion. Ionic

Ir. Irish ← xv | xvi →

It. Italian

Kash. Kashubian

Lat. Latin

Latg. Latgalian

Latv. Latvian

Lesb. Lesbian

LG Low German

Lith. Lithuanian

Liv. Livonian

LSrb. Lower Sorbian

Luw. Luwian

Lyc. Lycian

Maced. Macedonian

MDu. Middle Dutch

MGr. Mediaeval Greek

MHG Middle High German

MIr. Middle Irish

MLat. Mediaeval Latin

MLG Middle Low German

MoDu. Modern Dutch

MoE Modern English

MoHG Modern High German

MoIr. Modern Irish

MPers. Middle Persian

MoPers. Modern Persian

MRu. Middle Russian

MWe. Middle Welsh

Myc. Mycenaean

Nw. Norwegian

OAv. Old Avestan

OBr. Old Belarusian

OBret. Old Breton

OCroat. Old Croatian

OCS Old Church Slavic

OCz. Old Czech

OE Old English

OFi. Old Finnish

OFris. Old Frisian

OHG Old High German

OIc. Old Icelandic

OInd. Old Indic

OIr. Old Irish

OLat. Old Latin

OLith. Old Lithuanian

OOtTur. Old Ottoman Turkish

OPers. Old Persian

OPol. Old Polish

OPr. Old Prussian ← xvi | xvii →

ORu. Old Russian

OS Old Saxon

Osc. Oscan

OSCr. Old Serbo-Croatian

Oss. Ossetic

OSwed. Old Swedish

OTat. Old Tatar

OtTur. Ottoman Turkish

OTur. Old Turkish

OWe. Old Welsh

PB Proto-Baltic

PBSl. Proto-Balto-Slavic

PCl. Proto-Celtic

Pers. Persian

PGm. Proto-Germanic

PGr. Proto-Greek

PIE Proto-Indo-European

PIIr. Proto-Indo-Iranian

PIr. Proto-Iranian

PIt. Proto-Italic

PLat. Proto-Latin

PLatv. Proto-Latvian

Plb. Polabian

PLith. Proto-Lithuanian

Pol. Polish

PrG Prussian-German

PSl. Proto-Slavic

Rom. Romanian

Ru. Russian

RuCS Russian Church Slavic

Ruth. Ruthenian

SCr. Serbo-Croatian

Serb. Serbian

SerbCS Serbian Church Slavic

Sl. Slavic

Slk. Slovak

Sln. Slovene

Sorb. Sorbian (Lusatian)

Span. Spanish

Swed. Swedish

SwG Swiss German

ToA Tocharian A

ToAB Tocharian A and B

ToB Tocharian B

U. Umbrian

Ukr. Ukrainian

USrb. Upper Sorbian

We. Welsh ← xvii | xviii →

Ved. Vedic

WGm. West Germanic

YAv. Young Avestan

Žem. Žemaitian

B. Reconstruction, Grammar, Text

a.p. accent paradigm

abl. ablative

abstr. abstract noun

acc. accusative

act. active

adess. adessive

adj. adjective

adv. adverb

all. allative

aor. aorist

app. active present participle

aptp. active past participle

arch. archaic

athem. athematic

bibl. biblical

bot. botanical, term of botany

c. commune (genus), also: century

card. cardinal (numeral)

caus. causative (verb)

cf. confer, compare

class. classical

coll. collective

colloq. colloquial

comp. comparative

concr. concrete noun

condit. conditional

conj. conjunctive

cp. compound

cur. curative (verb)

dat. dative

denom. denominative

der. derivative

derog. derogatory

desid. desiderative

dial. dialectal, in dialects

dim. diminutive

du. dual

dur. durative (verb)

e.g. exempli gratia, for example

ep. epic

etym. etymological ← xviii | xix →

etym. mng. etymological meaning

euph. euphemism

f. following (after a page number)

f., fem. feminine

fig. figuratively

FN family name

frq. frequentative

fut. future

gram. grammatical term

hist. historical term

i.a. inter alia, among other things

ibid. ibidem, in the same place

i.e. id est, that is

id. idem, the same

ill. illative

impers. impersonal

inch. inchoative (verb)

indecl. indeclinable

inf. infinitive

ins. instrumental

inscr. inscription

intens. intensive (verb)

interj. interjection

intr. intransitive (verb)

ipf. imperfect

ipv. imperative

iter. iterative (verb)

joc. jocular

l.c loco citato, in the passage cited

lg. language

lit. literally

LN lake name

loc. locative

lrg. laryngeal

LW loanword

m(asc). masculine

med. middle voice

n. neuter

n. note (after a page number)

n.act. action noun

n.agt. agent noun

n.instr. nomen instrumenti

n.s.m. no stress mark (for words given without stress mark in LKŽ)

neol. neologism

nom. nominative

o.c. opere citato, in the work cited

obl. oblique

obs. obsolete ← xix | xx →

ord. ordinal (numeral)

p.c. personal communication

pass. passive

patron. patronymic

pdg. paradigm

pejor. pejorative

pf. perfect

pfp. perfect participle

pfutp. passive future participle

pl. plural

pl.t. plurale tantum

PlN place name

PN personal name

postvb. postverbal

pple. participle

ppp. passive present participle

pptp. passive past participle

prep. preposition

pres. present (tense)

pret. preterite (tense)

prev. preverb

ptcle. particle

q.v. quod vide, see this entry

refl. reflexive

RN river name

s.v. sub voce, sub verbo, in the entry for this word an

scil. scilicet, namely

sg. singular

stat. stative (verb)

subst. substantivum (noun)

superl. superlative

syn. synonym

t.y. tai yra, that is (in Lithuanian examples)

them. thematic

tr. transitive (verb)

var. variant

vb. verb

vb. adj. verbal adjective

vel sim. vel simile, or the like

viz. videlicet, namely

voc. vocative

vulg. vulgar

zool. zoological term

C. Symbols

C any consonant

H any PIE laryngeal ← xx | xxi →

h^1/2 h¹ or h²

R any resonant (sonorant)

T any obstruent

V any vowel

> yields (develops into) by regular phonological development

< arises from (develops from) by regular phonological development

⇐ or ⇒ 1. morphological change, 2. derivation (of one lexeme from another), 3. loan/borrowing

- indicates a morphemic boundary or separates off the part of a word the reader should focus on

/X/ the phoneme X (phonological representation)

[X] phonetically realized as X (phonetic representation)

<X> spelled as X (graphemic representation)

*X a reconstructed item from an earlier stage of a language

†X a non-attested but potential or conceivable form of an attested language

(?) 1. form or meaning uncertain, 2. established connection uncertain

«…» quotation (from a written text or from an author)

: vs., relation (e.g. of ablaut, of analogy)

bu.vo syllabification sign in the word buvo

1x, 2x, etc. once, twice, etc.

| xxiii →

References

Sources

BRB = Biblia tatai esti Wissas Schwentas Raschtas Lietuwischkai pergulditas per Janą Bretkuną Lietuwos Pleboną Karaliaucziuie, 1590.

BRP = Postilla tatai esti trumpas ir prastas ischguldimas Euangeliu… per Iana Bretkuna Lietuwos Plebona Karaliaucziuie Prusůsu, 1591.

CGL = Clavis Germanico-Lithuana. Handschriftliches deutsch-litauisches Wörterbuch des 17. Jahrhunderts in vier Teilen. Ed. by Adolfas Ivaškevičius. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1995–1997.

DK = Palionis, Jonas (ed.). Mikalojaus Daukšos 1595 metų katekizmas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1995. (Bibliotheca Baltica. Lithuania.) Mikalojaus Daukšos 1595 metų katekizmas.

DLKŽ = Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. 4^th ed. Stasys Keinys (ed.). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2000. (Lietuvių kalbos institutas).

DP = Palionis, Jonas (ed.). Mikalojaus Daukšos 1599 metų Postilė ir jos šaltiniai. Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 2000.

EH = Endzelīns, J[ānis], Hauzenberga, E[dīte]. Papildinājumi un labojumi K. Mülenbacha Latviešu valodas vārdnīcai. Vols. 1–2. Rīga 1934–1946.

EV = Elbinger Vokabular. Cited after Vytautas Mažiulis (ed.), Prūsų kalbos paminklai. Vilnius: Mintis, 1966.

JUŠK = Litovskij slovarь A. Juškeviča sъ tolkovaniemъ slovъ na russkomъ i polьskomъ jazykaxъ. Vol. I. Sanktpeterburgъ 1904. (Izdanie Otdělenija russkago jazyka i slovesnosti Imperatorskoj Akademii Naukъ). — Vol. II:1. Petrogradъ 1922, Rossijskaja gosudarstvennaja akademičeskaja tipografija.

KN = Pociūtė, Dainora (ed.). Knyga nobažnystės krikščioniškos, 1653. Facsimile edition. Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, MMIV.

Lietuviški tradiciniai vietovardžiai Gudijos, Karaliaučiaus krašto, Latvijos ir Lenkijos. Compiled by Marija Razmukaitė, Aistė Pangonytė. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2002. (Valstybinė lietuvių kalbos komisija.)

Lietuvos TSR administracinio-teritorinio suskirstymo žinynas. Part I. Prepared by Zigmuntas Noreika and Vincentas Stravinskas. Vilnius: Mintis, 1976.

L. = Linde, M. Samuel Bogumił. Słownik języka polskiego. 2^nd ed., revised and expanded. Lwów: W drukarni Zakładu Ossolińskich, 1854.

LEEŽ = Lietuvių etnografijos enciklopedinis žodynas. Compiled by Birutė KULNYTĖ and Elvyda LAZAUSKAITĖ. Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinis muziejus, 2015.

LEX = Lexicon Lithuanicum. Prepared by Vincentas Drotvinas. Vilnius 1987.

LKŽ = Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, vols. I–XX. Vilnius 1941–2002.

LPŽ = Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas (ed. Aleksandras Vanagas), [vol. I] A-K (1985), [vol. II] L-Ž (1989). Vilnius: Mokslas. (Lietuvos TSR Mokslų Akademija. Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros institutas.) ← xxiii | xxiv →

ME = Mühlenbachs, Karl. Latviešu valodas vārdnīca. Lettisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch, I–IV. Redigiert, ergänzt und fortgesetzt von J[ānis] Endzelīns. Hg. vom lettischen Bildungsministerium, Riga 1923–1932.

MŽ = Urbas, Dominykas. Martyno Mažvydo raštų žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996.

NDŽ = Niedermann, Max & Alfred Senn, Franz Brender, Anton Salys. Wörterbuch der litauischen Schriftsprache. Litauisch-deutsch, I–V. Heidelberg: Winter, 1932–1968.

PK = Balčikonis, Juozas (ed.). 1598 metų Merkelio Petkevičiaus katechizmas. 2^nd ed. (photographic). Kaunas 1939. (Švietimo ministerijos Knygų leidimo komisijos leidinys n 506.). — [Original title:] Polski z Litewskim Katechizm Abo Krotkie w iedno mieysce zebránie, wiáry y powinności Krześćiáńskiey … Nakładem Jego Mśći Páná Málcherá Pietkiewicźá, Pisarzá ziemskiego Wileńskiego. W Wilnie … roku 1598.

PV = Petrauskas, Jonas, Vidugiris, Aloyzas. 1985. Lazūnų tarmės žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslas.

SD = Dictionarium trium linguarum in usum studiosæ iuventutis, auctore R.P. Constantino Szyrwid. [3^rd ed.]. Vilnae, Typis Academicis Societatis Iesu Anno Domini M.DC.XLII. Cited after the edition of Kazys Pakalka (ed.), Pirmasis lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1979.

SD¹ = K. Szyrwid’s first dictionary (without title page). Cited after the edition of Kazys Pakalka (ed.), Senasis Konstantino Sirvydo žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1997.

SGP = Karłowicz, Jan. Słownik gwar polskich. Vols. I–VI. Kraków: Nakładem Akademii Umiejętności, 1900–1911.

Slovník jazyka staroslověnského. Lexicon linguae palaeoslovenicae, I–IV. Ed. by Josef Kurz et al. Praha: Academia, 1966–1997.

SP = Šyrwids Punktay sakimu (Punkty kazań) Teil I: 1629, Teil II: 1644 litauisch und polnisch mit kurzer grammatischer Einleitung herausgegeben von Dr. Franz Specht. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1929.

SPXVI = Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku. Stanisław Bąk et al. Instytut Badań Literackich, Polska Akademia Nauk. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1966-.

SRNG = Slovarь russkix narodnyx govorov. Compiled by F.P. Filin. Moskva-Leningrad: “Nauka”, 1965-.

SW = Słownik języka polskiego. Ułożony pod redakcją Jana Karłowicza, Adama Kryńskiego i Władysława Niedźwiedzkiego. Vol. I–VIII. Warszawa: Nakładem prenumeratorów i kasy im. Mianowskiego, 1900–1927 [so-called Warsaw Dictionary].

Šlapelis, Jurgis. 1940. Kirčiuotas lenkiškas lietuvių kalbos žodynas. 2^nd ed. Vilnius: Spaustuvė “Raida”.

TSBM = Tlumačal’ny sloŭnik belaruskaj movy, 1–5. Ed. K.K. Atraxovič. Minsk 1977–1984.

WP = Wolfenbüttelio Postilė [1573]. Prepared with an introduction by hum. m. dr. Juozas Karaciejus. Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas, 1995.

Vidugiris, Aloyzas. 1998. Zietelos šnektos žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

Vitkauskas, Vytautas. 1976. Šiaurės rytų dūnininkų šnektų žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslas. ← xxiv | xxv →

Literature

ALEW = Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Unter Leitung von Wolfgang Hock und der Mitarbeit von Elvyra-Julija Bukevičiūtė und Christiane Schiller bearbeitet von Rainer Fecht, Anna Helene Feulner, Eugen Hill und Dagmar S. Wodtko. Bd. I: A-M, Bd. II: N-Ž, Bd. III: Verzeichnisse und Indices. Hamburg: baar, 2015.

Alminauskis, Kazys. GL. Die Germanismen des Litauischen. Teil 1: Die deutschen Lehnwörter im Litauischen. Kaunas: Šv. Kazimiero D-jos knygynas, 1934.

Ambrazas, Saulius. 1993. Daiktavardžių darybos raida. Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodiniai vediniai. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.

Ambrazas, Saulius. 2000. Daiktavardžių darybos raida. [Vol.] II: Lietuvių kalbos vardažodiniai vediniai. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

Ambrazas, Saulius. 2011. Būdvardžių darybos raida. The Development of Adjective Formation. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

Anikin = Anikin, Aleksandr Jevgenьevič. Russkij ėtimologičeskij slovarь. Vol. 1-. Moskva: Rukopisnye pamjatniki drevnej Rusi, 2007-.

Anttila, Raimo. 1969. Proto-Indo-European Schwebeablaut. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. (University of California Publications in Linguistics, 58.)

AON see Gerullis

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Bednarczuk, Leszek. 1999. Stosunki językowe na ziemiach Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Kraków: Oficyna Wydawnicza Edukacja.

Bednarczuk, Leszek. 2010. Językowy obraz Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Kraków: Lexis.

Beekes, Robert S[tephen] P[aul]. 1969. The Development of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Greek. The Hague - Paris: Mouton.

Beekes, Robert S.P. 1995. Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. An Introduction. Amsterdam - Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Beekes, Robert. 2010. Etymological Dictionary of Greek. With the assistance of Lucien van Beek. Vols. I–II. Leiden - Boston: Brill. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, vols. 10/1–2.)

Berneker, Erich. 1896. Die preussische Sprache. Texte, Grammatik, etymologisches Wörterbuch. Strassburg: Verlag von Karl J. Trübner.

Berneker, Erich. SEW. Slavisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, I: A–L (1908–1913), II: ma - morъ (1914). Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung.

Bezlaj, France. ESSJ. Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika, I–IV. Ljubljana: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, 1977–2005. ← xxv | xxvi →

Bjorvand, Harald & Fredrik Otto Lindeman. 2000. Våre arveord. Etymologisk ordbok. Oslo: Novus forlag. (Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning. Serie B: Skrifter, CV.). — 2^nd ed.: Revidert og utvidet utgave. Oslo: Novus forlag, 2007.

Borowska = Borowska, Nina. “Wpływy słowiańskie na litewską terminologię kościelną na podstawie Dictionarium Szyrwida”, in: Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 2, 1957, 320–365.

Boryś = Boryś, Wiesław. 2005. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie.

Brückner, Aleksander. 1877. Litu-slavische Studien, 1: Die slavischen Fremdwörter im Litauischen. Weimar.

Brückner, Aleksander. 1898. “Preussisch und Polnisch”, in: Archiv für slavische Philologie, Bd. XX, 481–518.

Brückner, Aleksander. 1927. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. Kraków: Krakowska Spółka Wydawnicza.

BSW see Trautmann 1923.

Buck, Carl Darling. 1971. A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages. A Contribution to the History of Ideas. 3^rd impression. Chicago-London: The University of Chicago Press.

Būga, Kazimieras. 1924. Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, fasc. I. Kaunas: Švietimo ministerija. Reprinted in Būga, Rr III, 9–490.

Būga, Kazimieras. 1925. “Die litauisch-weißrussischen Beziehungen und ihr Alter”, in: Zeitschrift für slavische Philologie I, 26–55. Reprinted in Būga, Rr III, 749–778.

Būga, Kazimieras. RR. 1958–1962. Rinktiniai raštai. Compiled by Zigmas Zinkevičius, edited by Vytautas Mažiulis. Vol. I (1958), vol. II (1959), vol. III (1961), vol. IV (1962): Rodyklės (compiled by Zigmas Zinkevičius). Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla.

Buivydienė, Rūta. 1997. Vedybų giminystės pavadinimai. 2^nd ed., revised. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

Chantraine = Chantraine, Pierre. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque. Histoire des mots, I–IV. Paris: Éditions Klincksieck, 1968–1980.

Casaretto, Antje. 2004. Nominale Wortbildung der gotischen Sprache. Die Derivation der Substantive. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter. (Indogermanische Bibliothek. Dritte Reihe: Untersuchungen).

Čepienė = Čepienė, Nijolė. 2006. Lietuvių kalbos germanizmai ir jų fonetinės ypatybės. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

Derksen, Rick. 1996. Metatony in Baltic. Amsterdam - Atlanta, GA: Rodopi. (Leiden Studies in Indo-European, 6.)

Derksen, Rick. 2008. Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. Leiden-Boston: Brill. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, vol. 4.)

Derksen, Rick. 2015. Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon. Leiden-Boston: Brill. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, vol. 13.)

DLA see Smoczyński 2000. ← xxvi | xxvii →

Eichner, Heiner. 1982. Studien zu den indogermanischen Numeralia. Rekonstruktion des urindogermanischen Formensystems und Dokumentation seiner einzelsprachlichen Vertretung bei den niederen Kardinalia ‘zwei’ bis ‘fünf’. Habilitationsschrift Universität Regensburg [typescript].

Eichner, Heiner. 1988. “Anatolisch und Trilaryngalismus”, in: Alfred Bammesberger (ed.), Die Laryngaltheorie und die Rekonstruktion des indogermanischen Laut- und Formensystems. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 123–151.

Endzelin, J[an]. 1922. Lettische Grammatik. Riga: Kommissionsverlag A. Gulbis.

Endzelīns, Jānis. 1943. Senprūšu valoda. Ievads, gramatika un leksika. Rīgā: Universitātes apgāds.

Endzelin, J[an]. 1944. Altpreussische Grammatik. Riga: Verlag Latvju grāmata.

Endzelīns, Jānis. DI. Darbu izlase četros sējumos. Published by R. Grabis et al. Vols. I (1971), II (1974), III:1 (1979), III:2 (1980), IV:1 (1981), IV:2 (1982). Rīga: Zinatnē. (A. Upīša valodas un literatūras institūts.)

Ernout-Meillet = Ernout, Alfred, Meillet, Antoine. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine. Histoire des mots. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1932 (4 wyd. 1959–1960).

ĖSBM = Etymalahičny sloŭnik belaruskaj movy. Ed. by V.U. Martynaŭ (vols. 1–8), H.A. Cyxun (from vol. 9). Minsk 1978-.

ESJS = Etymologický slovník jazyka staroslověnského. Ed. by Eva Havlová, (from fasc. 7) Adolf Erhart, (from fasc. 13) Ilona Janyšková. Academia, Praha: Academia, 1989–.

ĖSSJ = Ėtimologičeskij slovarь slavjanskix jazykov. Ed. O.N. Trubačev. Moskva: Nauka, 1974–.

EWAIA see Mayrhofer 1986–2001.

EWD = Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen. Erarbeitet im Zentralinstitut für Sprachwissenschaft Berlin unter der Leitung von Wolfgang Pfeifer. 2. Auflage Februar 1997. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.

Falk, H.S., Torp, Alf. 1910–1911. Norwegisch-Dänisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, I–II. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung.

Fortson, Benjamin W. IV. 2005². Indo-European Language and Culture. An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics, 19.)

Fraenkel, Ernst. 1929. Syntax der litauischen Postpositionen und Präpositionen. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.

Fraenkel, Ernst. 1950. Die baltischen Sprachen. Ihre Beziehungen zu einander und zu den indogermanischen Schwesteridiomen als Einführung in die baltische Sprachwissenschaft. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.

Fraenkel, Ernst. LEW. Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (unter Mitarbeit von Annemarie Slupski, fortgeführt von Erich Hofmann und Eberhard Tangl). I–II [without separate pagination]. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag und Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1955–1965.

Frisk, Hjalmar. GEW. Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, I–III. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1960–1973. (Zweite, unveränderte Auflage 1973). ← xxvii | xxviii →

Gerullis, Georg. AON. 1922. Die altpreußischen Ortsnamen. Berlin u. Leipzig: Vereinigung wissenschaftlicher Verleger.

Girdenis, Aleksas. 1995. Teoriniai fonologijos pagrindai. Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas.

GJL see Otrębski 1956–1965.

GL see Alminauskis.

Gottschald, Max. 1982. Deutsche Namenkunde. Unsere Familiennamen. Fünfte verbesserte Auflage… von Rudolf Schützeichel. Berlin - New York: Walter de Gruyter.

Griepentrog, Wolfgang. 1995. Die Wurzelnomina des Germanischen und ihre Vorgeschichte. Innsbruck. (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, 82.)

Heidermanns, Frank. 1993. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive. Berlin - New York: Walter de Gruyter. (Studia Linguistica Germanica, 33.)

Hermann, Eduard. 1926. Litauische Studien. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.

HL see Smoczyński 2003a.

IEW see Pokorny.

Jēgers, Benjamiņš. 1966. Verkannte Bedeutungsverwandtschaften baltischer Wörter. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Sonderdruck aus der Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, Bd. 80, S. 6–162 und 291–307.)

Jordan = Jordan, Sabine. Niederdeutsches im Lettischen. Untersuchungen zu den mittelniederdeutschen Lehnwörtern im Lettischen. Bielefeld: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, 1995. (Westfälische Beiträge zur Niederdeutschen Philologie, 4.)

Kabašinskaitė = Kabašinskaitė, Birutė. Lietuvių kalbos liaudies etimologija ir artimi reiškiniai. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1998.

Karaliūnas, Simas. 1987. Baltų kalbų struktūrų bendrybės ir jų kilmė. Vilnius: Mokslas.