Reconciling Law and Legal Theory

Table Of Contents

• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• About the author
• About the book
• This eBook can be cited
• Table of Contents
• Transliteration of Arabic Words
• Foreword by Translator
• Acknowledgements
• The Author’s Preface
• Chapter One Transmitted Proof [Quran and Ḥadīth]
• 1.1. The Authenticity of a Transmitted Proof
• 1.1.1. Tawātur1
• 1.1.2. Aḥād Narrations
• 1.1.2.1. General Objections on āḥād
• 1.1.2.2. Particular Objections
• 1.1.2.2.1. Credibility of a Narrator
• 1.1.2.2.2. Accuracy of a Narrator
• 1.1.2.2.3. Continuity of the Transmission Path
• i. Inqiṭāʿ
• ii. Irsāl
• iii. Waqf
• 1.1.3. Conclusion
• 1.2. The Meaning of a Transmitted Text
• 1.2.1. The Prophet’s Sayings
• 1.2.1.1. Manṭūq
• 1.2.1.1.1. A Proof’s Reference to a Legal Decision by Means of Manṭūq
• i. Commands
• ii. Prohibitions
• iii. Takhiyīr (Option)
• 1.2.1.1.2. A Proof’s Reference to the Particulars of a Legal Decision108
• i. Naṣṣ
• ii. Mujmal (Ambivalent)
• Causes of Ambivalence
• Semantic Ambiguity113
• Morphological Ambiguity120
• Orthographic Ambiguity
• Structural Ambiguity126
• Structural Reading of Two Literal Segments
• Literal Reading of a Structure
• Clues
• Locutionary Clue
• Contextual Clue
• Paratextual Clues
• iii. Ẓāhir (Manifest Meaning)
• Literal vs. Allegorical
• Monosyemous vs. Polysemous
• Mononymous vs. Synonymous
• Straight vs. Elliptical
• To Inform, Rather Than Convince
• Syntagmatic vs. Ansastrophic
• ʿAmm vis Khāṣṣ
• ʿAmm Determined by Language
• Conditional Particles
• Interrogative Pronouns
• Relative Pronouns
• Ayy (Any, Whoever, Whichever) When Used in a Conditional Sentence
• Interrogative ayy ‘which’ [or kayf ‘however’]
• Indefinite Noun After Negative
• Definite Articles Before Generic Nouns
• Words Like Kull (Every, Each) and Jamīʿ (All, Entire).
• ʿAmm Determined by Custom
• ʿAmm Conceived by Common Sense
• Conclusion of ʿAmm
• Absolute vs. Qualified
• iv. Muʾawwal (Susceptible to Interpretation)
• Allegorical vs. Literal
• Polysemous vs. Monosyemous
• Elliptical vs. Straight
• Synonymous vs. Mononymous
• Emphatic vs. Informative
• Hysteron Proteron199 vs. Syntagma
• Khaṣṣ vs. ʿAmm
• Qualified vs. Absolute
• Conclusion
• 1.2.1.2. Mafhūm (Implied Meaning)
• 1.2.1.2.1 [Convergent Meaning]
• 1.2.1.2.2. [Divergent Meaning]
• i. Implication of an Attribute224
• ii. Implication of a Condition227
• iii. Implication of the Extent228.
• iv. Implication of the Stated Number230
• v. Implication of the Time233
• viv. Implication of the Stated Place234
• vii. Implication of the Stated Noun
• 1.2.2. The Prophet’s Actions
• 1.2.2.1. Introduction
• 1.2.2.2. Authority of the Prophet’s Actions
• 1.2.2.3. Classification of the Prophet’s Actions
• 1.2.2.4. Conclusion
• 1.2.3. The Prophet’s Tacit Approvals
• 1.2.3.1. Introduction
• 1.2.3.2. [Classification of the Prophet’s Tacit Approvals]
• 1.3. On the Continuity of Transmitted Proof
• 1.3.1. Introduction
• 1.3.2. The Supplement of a Muṭlaq
• 1.3.3. [The Abrogation of manṭūq]
• 1.3.4. Proof of Abrogation
• 1.3.5. Conclusion
• 1.4. On the Predominance of a Transmitted Proof
• 1.4.1. Preference Based on the Chain of Transmission
• 1.4.1.1. Seniority of a Narrator
• 1.4.1.2. Knowledge and Exactitude
• 1.4.1.3. Witnessing the Incident
• 1.4.1.4. Being a Part of the Incident
• 1.4.1.5. Constant Companionship
• 1.4.1.6. Greater Number of Narrators
• 1.4.1.7. Close Contact with the Prophet
• 1.4.1.8. Direct Reception
• 1.4.1.9. [VariantTexts from the Same Teacher]
• 1.4.1.10. Late Embracement of Islam
• 1.4.2. Textual Preferences
• 1.4.2.1. Saying vs. Action
• 1.4.2.2. Manṭūq vs. Mafhūm
• 1.4.2.3. [Legal Precedent vs. Non-legal Practice]
• 1.4.2.4. [A Text’s Being General or Issued in Particular for a Special Incident]
• 1.4.2.5. Ẓāhir vs. Muʾawwal
• 1.4.2.6. Muʾawwal vs. Ẓāhir
• 1.4.2.7. Affirmative vs. Negative
• 1.4.2.8. [A Default Rule Takes Precedence]
• 1.4.2.9. [Precautionary Content is to Prevail]
• Chapter Two Inferred Proofs: Istiṣḥāb
• 2.1. Presumption of Original Presence or Absence
• 2.2. Presumption of the Continuity of the General Rules and Principles of the Law
• Chapter Three Evidence Corollary to a Legislative Source: Qiyās
• 3.1. Qiyās al-Ṭard (Coextensive Analogy)
• 3.1.1. Introduction
• 3.1.2. Constituent Elements of Analogy
• [3.1.2.1. The Aṣl (Original Case)]
• 3.1.2.2. The ʿIlla (Rationale)
• 3.1.2.2.1. [Prerequisites of a Rationale]
• 3.1.2.2.2. [Methods of Extracting a Rationale]
• i. [Extraction from] a Scripture
• ii. [Extraction from] Ijmāʿ
• iii. Extraction by Suitability
• iv. Extraction by Rotation
• v. Extraction by Resemblance
• 3.1.2.3. Farʿ (New Case)
• 3.1.2.4. Ḥukm (Legal Decision)
• 3.1.3. Types of Qiyās Al-Ṭard
• 3.1.3.1. Analogy of No Discrepancy
• 3.1.3.2. Qiyās Al-ʿIlla (Analogy Whose Rationale Is Indicated in the Text)
• 3.1.3.3. Analogy by Allusion
• 3.1.4. Conclusion
• 3.1.4.1. When the Ruling Does Not Exist in the Original Case
• 3.1.4.2. When the ʿIlla Does Not Exist in the Aṣl
• 3.1.4.3. When an Attribute is Not Fitting to Be a Proper ʿIlla
• 3.1.4.4. When an Aṣl Contains Conflicting Attributes Each is Valid to Be an ʿIlla
• 3.1.4.5. When an ʿilla Cannot Be Identified in the New Case
• 3.1.4.6. When the New Case Includes an Attribute That Conflicts with the Ruling Reached through Analogy
• 3.2. Qiyās al-ʿAks (Analogy by Coexclusiveness)
• 3.3. Istidlāl (Reasoning)44
• 3.3.1. Rationale Deduced from a Legal Decision
• 3.3.2. Allusion Reached by Correlating a Rationale to a Legal Decision
• 3.3.3. Allusion Reached by Identifying an Identical Rationale for Two Rulings
• 3.3.4. Allusion Reached by Identifying a Contradiction between Two Legal Decisions in Both Positive and Privative Cases
• 3.3.5. Allusion Reached by Identifying a Contradiction between Two Positive Legal Decisions
• 3.3.6. Allusion Reached by Identifying a Contradiction between Two Privative Legal Decisions
• Chapter Four Evidence Which Is Comprehensive of a Proof
• 4.1. Ijmaʿ
• 4.1.1. Preface
• 4.1.2. [Questions Which Raised Disagreement among Scholars]
• 4.1.2.1. [Tacit Consensus]
• 4.1.2.2 Consensus Breached by a Ṣaḥābī
• 4.1.2.3. [Consensus Past Discord]
• 4.1.2.4. Consensus of the Medinese
• 4.2. Uncorroborated Opinion of a Ṣaḥābī
• Glossary of Terms
• References
• Index