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Regional Differences in Women Entrepreneurship

by Esra Sena Türko (Volume editor)
©2021 Edited Collection 224 Pages

Summary

In women entrepreneurship studies, the regional emphasis generally remained limited to the studies carried out within the scope of regional development. Regional differences were detected in many studies. However, unless the research was conducted within the theoretical framework of the regional economy, they were not discussed within this context. This book aims to represent the findings of studies on women entrepreneurship from various theoretical frameworks, which address differences and similarities at the regional level together and reveal the big picture. In addition, the factors causing differences in women entrepreneurship at the regional level and the topics, in which differences were observed, have been examined. The research involves conceptual and applied studies.

Table Of Contents

  • Cover
  • Title
  • Copyright
  • About the editor
  • About the book
  • This eBook can be cited
  • Contents
  • Abbreviations
  • Foreword
  • Introduction Regional Differences in Women Entrepreneurship (Esra Sena TÜRKO)
  • Differences in Women Entrepreneurship by the Development Level of Countries (Tuba ŞAHİNOĞLU)
  • Gender Inequality and Reflections on the Women Entrepreneurship (Emine Demet Ekinci HAMAMCI)
  • Entrepreneurial Intention and Values (Muhammed Kürşat TİMUROĞLU)
  • Differences among Women Entrepreneurs in Rural Areas: A Survey in Beekeeping Industry (Ahmet KADİROĞLU)
  • Differences in Prejudices, Pressures, and Problems of Women Entrepreneurs (Berrak YELLİCE)
  • Women Exporters (Hasan GÜNEŞ)
  • Gender and Politics: The Structural Hegemony of Popular Culture over Women (Burak BAŞKAN)
  • The Effect of Sociopolitical Factors on Women Entrepreneurship: An Analysis on China (Müge YÜCE)

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Foreword

Women entrepreneurship can be seen as relatively a new research area and it may be assessed to be immature. Researches have focused on the differences between men and women entrepreneurs for a long time and this interest still continues. Researchers provided suggestions regarding examining this topic within various contexts in order to improve the discipline but, however, the research topics have not significantly diversified.

It can be seen that researchers having a regional perspective have not been interested in women entrepreneurship at a remarkable level. It is possible to investigate topic of women entrepreneurship based on entrepreneurship ecosystem, local economic development, and regional economy. Among these domains, especially the theoretical framework of the entrepreneurship ecosystem represents a very favorable basis for discussion on women entrepreneurship.

Among women entrepreneurship researches, number of studies reporting regional differences are very limited, except for those investigating the economies at the national level. However, comparative analyses always contribute to a better understanding of the subject. From this point of view, this book aims to represent the findings of women entrepreneurship studies from various theoretical frameworks, which address differences and similarities at regional level together, and reveal the big picture.

Regional differences in women entrepreneurship is a very comprehensive research topic. A relatively small portion of this comprehensive research topic could be presented in this book. Through their studies examining this topic within different contexts, the authors significantly contributed to this book. This book aims to contribute to better understanding the women entrepreneurship at any level.

Erzurum, 2021.

Esra Sena TÜRKO1

Introduction

Regional Differences in Women Entrepreneurship

In women entrepreneurship studies, the regional emphasis remained limited generally to the studies carried out within the scope of regional development. Regional differences were detected in many studies. However, unless the research was conducted within the theoretical framework of the regional economy, they were not discussed within this context. This book aims to represent the findings of studies on women entrepreneurship from various theoretical frameworks, which address differences and similarities at the regional level together and reveal the big picture.

Women entrepreneurship is relatively a new research topic. The first article on entrepreneurship dates back to 1930s, whereas the first manuscript on women entrepreneurship was published in 1976 by Schwartz (1976). The first conference paper on women entrepreneurship was presented by Hisrich & Brush (1983) in year 1983, whereas the first academic book was published by Goffee & Scase (1985) in 1985 and the first academic conference, Diana International Conference on Women’s Entrepreneurship Research was held in 2003, and the first journal about women entrepreneurship, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, began to be published in 2009 (Yadav & Unni, 2016: 3).

It can be seen that the initial studies on women entrepreneurship focused on the differences between men and women entrepreneurs in the 1990s (Cromie, 1987; Birley, 1989; Brush, 1992; Fischer et al., 1993; Baker et al., 1997; Chell & Baines, 1998; Mirchandani, 1999). Nowadays, the differences between women and men entrepreneurs still draw researchers’ attention. The studies using different theoretical frameworks continue investigating the differences by making use of gender variable (Baughn et al., 2006; Menzies, et al., 2006; DeTienne & Chandler, 2007; Eddleston & Powell, 2008; Uluköy & Demireli, 2014).

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Researchers have suggestions emphasizing different contexts regarding the need for expanding the theoretical framework. Gundry et al. (2002) stated that studies involving cross-sectoral comparisons are needed and they suggest that this subject should be examined within the context of developing countries. Ahl (2006) stated that the researches should be expanded in the way involving more factors and it is necessary to carry out contingency or comparative studies; the external factors affecting the women entrepreneurship could be examined by contingency studies. de Bruin et al. (2007) suggested expanding the theoretical frameworks used in the studies and that analyses conducted at multiple levels could improve the domain of women entrepreneurship. Brush et al. (2009) recommended the 5M approach by stating the need for a holistic approach, whereas Sullivan and Meek (2012) suggested that researches should be expanded in the way examining the relationships between psychology and entrepreneurship, and Hughes et al. (2012) recommended conducting the researches by using transnational networks beyond the national borders (Yadav & Unni, 2016).

Moreover, the studies are criticized from the aspect that the gender-based assumptions limit the epistemological scope of research and position the women entrepreneurs as unsuccessful or reluctant (Ahl & Marlow, 2012) and, while the large-scaled empirical studies focus on the differences between women and men, they provide less information about the industry or sampling method (Henry et al., 2016).

Involved as a variable in analyses, gender has transformed into a more specific research subject such as gender stereotypes, in the course of time (Gupta et al., 2008; Max & Ballereau, 2013). Especially the studies involving multiple countries significantly contributed to understanding the stereotypes against women entrepreneurship (Gupta et al., 2005; Gupta et al., 2009). Concurrently, the problems, which women entrepreneurs encounter, kept on being examined within the theoretical frameworks of different disciplines (Toksöz, 2007; Sarhan, 2019; Santos, 2009; Okafor & Amalu, 2010; Soysal, 2010; Upadhye, 2012; Chitsike, 2000; Tlaiss, 2015; Wahdiniwaty & Rustam, 2019).

It can be seen that a limited number of studies compared the women entrepreneurs operating in the same region or different regions. However, it can be thought that differences and similarities between the women entrepreneurs are suggestive about the factors affecting the women entrepreneurship. Comparing women and men entrepreneurs indicate the status of women relative to the men in the same region and it reveals gender-related problems. The studies comparing the women entrepreneurs allow investigating under which ←12 | 13→circumstances the gender-related issues affect women’s entrepreneurial activities at high/low level.

Within this context, the research findings reported in studies on women entrepreneurs, which do not corroborate each other, should highly arouse curiosity. The determinants of women entrepreneurship might underlie the factors leading these differences. For this reason, examining the regional differences in women entrepreneurship may help us with understanding what kind of factors women entrepreneurship is influenced by, under which similar or different conditions. For such a point of view to turn into an efficient process, it is very important to well understand the limitations or general frameworks of the previous studies, because the research results reported do not apply to all conditions but are valid only for that sample. Achieving different results within different samples may be suggestive about the determinants of the mentioned variable.

In women entrepreneurship researches, the most important limitation of the studies, especially those investigating the problems that women encounter, is that the field survey results are confined to the region, where the survey was conducted. If the study does not include a comparative analysis or was not carried out in multiple regions or countries, it provides results confined to the local area or region, where the survey has been conducted. However, as a general tendency, these limitations of the research results are ignored by the other researchers.

Then, it can be thought that investigating the regional differences in women entrepreneurship brought a perspective that will contribute to the development of this field. It might also be evaluated that the regional perspective might correspond to new framework quest, needed in the women entrepreneurship studies.

The aim of this research is to investigate the regional differences in women entrepreneurship. The factors causing differences in women entrepreneurship at regional level and the topics, in which differences were observed, were examined within the regional borders defined at various levels. The research involves conceptual and applied studies.

In the introduction section, firstly, the causes of regional differences in women entrepreneurship, at which regional level they can be examined, and the differing topics are discussed. Then, the research results, involving regional emphasis in women entrepreneurship studies are presented and it is suggested that women entrepreneurship can be discussed within entrepreneurship ecosystem through a regional perspective. Finally, the chapters of this book are specified.

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1. Regional Differences in Women Entrepreneurship

Examining the previous studies, it can be seen that they haven’t presented the factors causing differences at regional level in women entrepreneurship, at which level these factors can be examined, and the topics, in which differences were observed, within a theoretical framework. However, when the studies on women entrepreneurship are examined as a whole, regardless of the context, such a framework can be drawn with a regional perspective.

Details

Pages
224
Year
2021
ISBN (PDF)
9783631853450
ISBN (ePUB)
9783631860120
ISBN (MOBI)
9783631860137
ISBN (Softcover)
9783631853443
DOI
10.3726/b18847
Language
English
Publication date
2021 (August)
Keywords
Economics and Finance Industry 4.0 Revolution Internet of Things
Published
Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Warszawa, Wien, 2021. 224 pp., 5 fig. col., 1 fig. b/w, 58 tables.

Biographical notes

Esra Sena Türko (Volume editor)

Esra Sena Türko teaches and researches in the areas of entrepreneurship and regional economics in the Department of Economics, Erzurum Technical University (Turkey). Her research interests include women entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship ecosystem, and international economics.

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226 pages