From <I>Jazz</I> and <I>Rap</I> to <I>Dzhaz</I> and <I>Rep</I>
Phonological Adaptation of English Loanwords in Russian
Summary
Excerpt
Table Of Contents
- Cover
- Title
- Copyright
- About the author
- About the book
- This eBook can be cited
- Acknowledgements
- Table of contents
- List of figures
- List of tables
- List of tableaux
- Introduction
- List of abbreviations
- Note on transliteration
- CHAPTER 1. Introduction to English loanwords in Russian
- 1. Introduction
- 2. A brief history of English loanwords in Russian
- 3. Definition and classification of lexical borrowings
- 3.1. Reasons and factors behind lexical borrowing
- 3.2. Classification of borrowings
- 4. Adaptation of loanwords
- 4.1. Spelling
- 4.2. Semantics
- 4.3. Inflexion
- 4.3.1. Nouns
- 4.3.2. Adjectives
- 4.3.3. Verbs
- 4.3.4. Word formation
- 4.4. Phonology
- 4.5. Loan-translations (calques)
- 5. Conclusions
- CHAPTER 2. Introduction to the English and Russian sound systems
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Phoneme inventories of Russian and English
- 2.1. Consonants
- 2.2. Vowels
- 3. Russian consonantal phonology
- 3.1. Voicing
- 3.2. Palatalisation
- Distribution of palatalisation
- Palatal assimilation and depalatalisation
- 3.3. Assimilation in the place of articulation
- 3.4. Dissimilation
- 3.5. Cluster simplification
- 4. Russian vocalic phonology
- 4.1. Vowel Reduction
- 4.2. Yer vowels
- 5. Irregularities in grapheme-phoneme correspondences in Russian
- 6. Conclusions
- CHAPTER 3. Basic tenets and mechanisms of Optimality Theory: Theories of loanword adaptation
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Major principles and mechanisms of Optimality Theory
- 3. Adaptation of loanwords in production
- 3.1. Theory of Constraints and Repair Strategies
- 3.2. Loanword adaptation and stratification of the lexicon
- 3.3. The role of perceptual similarity
- 4. Adaptation of loanwords in perception
- 4.1. Psycholinguistic Theory of Loanword Adaptation
- 4.2. Bidirectional model of L1 processing
- 5. Multiple scansions model
- 6. Conclusions
- CHAPTER 4. Adaptation of selected English consonants
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Experimental design
- 2.1. Goals
- 2.2. Stimuli
- 2.3. Participants
- 2.4. Procedure
- 2.5. Justification of experimental procedure
- 3. Adaptation of E /h/
- 3.1. E /h/ in established loans
- 3.2. E /h/ in online loans
- 3.3. Comparison of E /h/ adaptation in established and online loans
- 3.4. An OT analysis of online loans
- 3.5. An OT analysis of established loans
- 4. Adaptation of E /d͡ʒ/
- 4.1. E /d͡ʒ/ in established loans
- 4.2. E /d͡ʒ/ in online loans
- 4.3. Comparison of E /d͡ʒ/ adaptation in established and online loans
- 4.4. An OT analysis of online loans
- 4.5. An OT analysis of established loans
- 5. Adaptation of the interdental fricatives
- 5.1. E /θ/ in established loans
- 5.2. E /ð/ in established loans
- 5.3. E /θ/ in online loans
- 5.4. E /ð/ in online loans
- 5.5. Comparison of /θ, ð/ adaptation in established and online loans
- 5.6. An OT analysis of online loans
- 5.7. An OT analysis of established loans
- 6. Adaptation of consonants in view of the selected approaches to loanword nativisation
- 7. Conclusions
- CHAPTER 5. Adaptation of selected English vowels
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Adaptation of E /ɒ/
- 2.1. E /ɒ/ in established loans
- 2.2. E /ɒ/ in online loans
- 2.3. Comparison of E /ɒ/ adaptation in online and established loans
- 2.4. An OT analysis of E /ɒ/ adaptation in online and established loans
- 3. Adaptation of E /ɜ:/
- 3.1. E /ɜ:/ in established loans
- 3.2. E /ɜ:/ in online loans
- 3.3. Comparison of /ɜ:/ adaptation in online and established loans
- 3.4. An OT analysis of E /ɜ:/ adaptation in online and established loans
- 4. Adaptation of E /æ/
- 4.1. E /æ/ in established loans
- 4.2. E /æ/ in online loans
- 4.3. Comparison of E /æ/ adaptation in online and established loans
- 4.4. An OT analysis of /æ/ adaptation in online and established loans
- 5. Adaptation of vowels in view of the selected approaches to loanword nativisation
- 6. Conclusions
- Closing remarks
- References
- Index of Names
- Series index
List of figures
Figure 1. Stressed and unstressed vowel inventories of Russian. Barnes (2007).
Figure 3. Periphery and core in TCRS
Figure 4. Two loci for loanword adaptations according to Peperkamp & Dupoux (2001, 2003).
Figure 5. Bidirectional model for L1 processing according to Boersma and Hamann (2008, p. 1).
Figure 6. Adaptations of E /h/ – general results
Figure 7. The word half-done (/h/ = 0.59s) in the experimental stimuli
Figure 8. The word has (/h/ = 0.102s) in the experimental stimuli
Figure 9. The word misbehave in the experimental stimuli
Figure 10. Adaptation of /d͡ʒ/ – general results
Figure 11. Adaptation of the feature [voice] of E /d͡ʒ/ in different positions
Figure 12. The word John in the experimental stimuli
Figure 13. The word reject in the experimental stimuli
Figure 14. The word huge in the experimental stimuli
Figure 15. Most frequent adaptations of /θ/ – general results.
Figure 16. Most frequent adaptations of /ð/ in online loans – general results.
Figure 17. The word that in the experimental stimuli.
Figure 18. The word bathe in the experimental stimuli.
Figure 19. Most frequent adaptions of /ɒ/ as pronounced by a native British English speaker
Figure 20. Most frequent adaptions of /ɒ/ as pronounced by a native American English speaker
Figure 21. The comparison of the most common adaptations of BE /ɒ/ and AE /ɑ/
Figure 23. Adaptation of /ɜ:/ in online loans
Figure 24. The comparison of the average F1 and F2 values of E /ɜ:/ and R /o/, [e], /ɛ/ and /a/
Figure 25. Adaptation of /æ/ – general results
Figure 27. Phonology-perception interaction in the adaptation of English loanwords into Russian
List of tables
Table 1. The number of loanwords borrowed into Russian at different periods of time.
Table 2. Some of the differences in the realisation of consonants and vowels in BE and AE
Table 3. English consonantal phonemes
Table 4. Russian consonantal phonemes
Table 5. Classification of English diphthongs
Table 6. Vowel reduction pattern in Russian (adapted from Jaworski, 2010)
Table 7. The irregularities in grapheme-phoneme correspondence in Russian
Table 8. Experimental items containing English consonant sounds absent from Russian.
Table 9. Experimental items containing English vowel sounds absent from Russian.
Table 10. A complementary list of experimental items.
Table 11. Experimental items used for American English.
Table 12. Adaptations of E /h/ in each experimental item
Table 13. Distinctive features of E /dʒ/ & R /t͡ɕ/ and /t͡s/
Table 14. Adaptation of /dʒ/ in different word positions
Table 15. A comparison of adaptation variants of /d͡ʒ/ in established vs online loans
Table 16. Distinctive features of E /dʒ/ and R /t͡ɕ/
Table 17. Distinctive features of E /d͡ʒ/ & R /d/ and /ʐ/
Table 19. Most common adaptations of /θ/ in each experimental item.
Table 20. Most common adaptations of /ð/ in each experimental item.
Table 22. Spellings of /ɒ/ (Cruttenden, 2014)
Table 24. Distinctive feature matrix of BE /ɒ/, AE /ɑ/ as well as R /o/ and /a/
Table 25. Average F1 and F2 values of BE /ɒ/ and AE /ɑ/ in the experimental items
Table 26. Average F1 and F2 values of BE /ɒ/ and AE /ɑ/ according to Cruttenden (2014, p. 104)
Table 27. F1 and F2 values of Russian /o/ and /a/
Table 28. Adaptation of BE /ɒ/ and its AE equivalent in online and established loans
Table 30. Adaptation rates with regard to most frequent spellings of E /ɜ:/
Table 31. Feature matrix for E /ɜ:/ and R /ɛ/, /o/ and /a/
Table 33. Average F1 and F2 values of /ɜ:/ in the experimental items and in the literature
Table 34. F1 and F2 values of Russian /o/, [e], /a/ and /ɛ/
Table 35. The comparison of the adaptations of E /ɜ:/ in online and established loans
Table 36. Russian adaptation of /æ/ in terms of the place of articulation of the preceding consonant
Table 40. Adaptation of BE /æ/ depending on the manner of articulation of the following consonant
Table 41. Average F1 and F2 values of /æ/ in experimental material
Table 42. F1 and F2 values of Russian /ɛ/ and /a/
Table 43. Distinctive feature matrix of E /æ/, R/a/ and R /ɛ/
List of tableaux
Tableau 1. Evaluation of candidates for the input /kod/, assuming Russian ranking
Tableau 2. Evaluation of candidates for the input /sæd/, assuming English ranking
Tableau 3. E /h/ → R /x/ adaptation in established loans
Tableau 4. E /kh/ → R /k/ adaptation in online loans
Tableau 5. E /h/ → R /x/ adaptation in established loans
Tableau 6. E /d͡ʒ/ → R /t͡ɕ/ adaptation in online loans
Tableau 7. E /d͡ʒ/ → R /dʐ/ adaptation in online loans
Tableau 8. E /d͡ʒ/ → R /dʐ/ adaptation in established loans
Tableau 9. E /θ/ → R /s/ adaptation in online loans
Tableau 10. E /θs/ → R /ts/ adaptation in online loans
Tableau 11. E /ð/ → R /z/ adaptation in online loans
Tableau 12. E /ðs/ → R /tz/ adaptation in online loans
Tableau 13. E /ð/ → R /z/ adaptation in established loans
Tableau 14. E <th> → R <т> adaptation in established loans
Tableau 15. The adaptation of BE /ɒ/ as R /o/
Tableau 16. The adaptation of AE /ɑ/ as R /a/
Tableau 17. The adaptation of E /ɜ:/ as R /o/
Tableau 18. The adaptation of E /ɜ:/ as R /ɛ/
Tableau 19. The adaptation of E /ɜ:/ as R /a/
Introduction
The concept of a linguistic borrowing is hardly a new one and perhaps every language has enriched its vocabulary with loanwords at different periods in its history. This is not surprising considering that no culture develops in isolation but is subject to the outside influences. The popularity of American and British culture as well as the prominent position of the USA and Great Britain in technology, economy and politics have led to the omnipresence of English, often called the world’s lingua franca, in today’s media. While some countries attempt to preserve the purity of their language and make use of native vocabulary as much as possible, the majority have succumbed to the effects of the present-day globalisation and expansion of English. Hence, the last few decades have been marked by an influx of English loanwords in different languages and the number is growing exponentially.
The past 25 years in linguistic studies have also shown a conspicuous interest in the subject of loanword phonology. As an ever-growing number of new lexical items travel from one language to another, linguists have proposed new models and approaches that attempt to account for an array of modifications the phonological shape of these words undergo in the process of their nativisation in a target language. The motivation for such developments is twofold. On the one hand, new emerging theoretical models equip researchers with better tools for an in-depth investigation and a more comprehensive analysis of loanword adaptation phenomena that were earlier difficult to approach in an insightful way. Another important reason behind this trend is the access that loanword phonology provides to synchronic L1 phonological processes which serve as a direct window into the working of many aspects of L1 otherwise hidden from the scholar’s sight.
In view of the considerable interest that loanword adaptation has received in recent phonological studies, it is surprising how few works have been devoted to the investigation of this process in Russian. While lexical borrowings from English into Russian have been well described from the viewpoint of morphology, graphics as well as semantics (e.g. Aristova, 1978; Lychyk, 1994; Maximova, 2002; Proshina & Ettkin, 2005; Dyakov, 2001/2012; Alyunina & Nagel, 2020 etc.), the role of phonetics and phonology has not been given due attention. The majority of analyses are superficial in character and offer only a very general overview of the possible adaptation scenarios at best (Shimomura, 1956; Benson, 1959; Janurik 2010 etc.). Those aiming at a more in-depth examination ←19 | 20→of the phenomenon are often outdated and do not reflect accurately the present-day tendencies and new theoretical approaches (e.g. Holden, 1980).
This monograph sets itself two major goals: descriptive and theoretical. We intend to provide a more comprehensive description of the patterns and mechanisms behind the adaptation of selected English consonants and vowels in Russian anglicisms and to examine important theoretical implications which the adaptation facts suggest. The analysed data fall into two categories. The first of them involves established loans found in Dyakov’s Dictionary of Anglicisms of the Russian Language. The second set of data comes from a novel experiment on the online adaptation of 57 English words by 41 native speakers of Russian with no command of English. The latter offers a significant insight into the perception of English words by Russian listeners in the course of adaptation. Integrated borrowings, on the other hand, often show a combined effect of various other factors such as orthography, the type of source accent, time period and different channels of borrowing. We examine both types of loans and juxtapose the major nativisation patterns revealed within each of the two groups. Their comparison will shed more light on the mechanisms of the nativisation process. To our knowledge, this is the first such study based on a rich body of old and new data on loanwords and recent analytical models.
The key adaptation patterns uncovered in this monograph are formally analysed within the optimality-theoretic (OT) framework (Prince & Smolensky, 1993; McCarthy & Prince, 1995). The model in question provides an excellent tool for a theoretical interpretation of the loan adaption facts through the application of relevant constraints operating in the adaptors’ L1 phonology. We argue that there is no need for a separate loan phonology component in the grammar and the variation in the data is attributable to a different ranking of the same set of constraints. Thus, the analysis of the major nativisation scenarios offers an opportunity to verify the major OT assumptions and mechanisms against the loan data.
Details
- Pages
- 286
- Publication Year
- 2022
- ISBN (PDF)
- 9783631884621
- ISBN (ePUB)
- 9783631885246
- ISBN (MOBI)
- 9783631885253
- ISBN (Hardcover)
- 9783631883242
- DOI
- 10.3726/b19999
- Language
- English
- Publication date
- 2022 (October)
- Keywords
- loanword phonology Optimality Theory online loanwords establish loanwords loanword nativisation
- Published
- Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Warszawa, Wien, 2022. 286 pp., 27 fig. b/w, 66 tables.
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