Linguistics

The discourse of Ince Memed I is critically examined in this study using Fairclough’s (1995) Three-Dimensional Approach, which blends Bakhtin’s (1981) theory of genre and Gramsci’s (2000) theory of hegemony. This method depends on Halliday’s Systemic Functional Language (SFG) (2013), which adopts the viewpoint that grammar is made up of systems that are based on transitivity, mood, and various other factors. These can shed light on how language is organized, with its ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions. Ideational metafunction describes how a language user perceives the outside world and reality. Establishing interpersonal relationships between speakers and hearers is related to interpersonal metafunction. The internal organization of clauses in a language is referred to as textual metafunction. It discusses a text’s communication elements.

The descriptive, interpretive, and explanatory levels of speech are represented by Fairclough’s (1995) three dimensions. The text should be examined in terms of its formal qualities at the descriptive level. In order to carry out an analysis at his level, transitivity, passivization, nominalization, lexical choice, and mood elements of Halliday’s SFL are to be used.

Transitivity shows how a language producer communicates ideas to express meaning, how a language receiver encrypts these concepts, and accordingly, how he or she perceives reality. Transitivity is primarily concerned with the physical, ←12 | 13→verbal, mental, behavioural, relational, and existential processes that serve as markers of the ideologies of language producers and, consequently, the power dynamics between speakers and hearers of texts.

The process of nominalization, through which a text producer prefers a noun phrase over a verb, an adjective, or an adverb, has certain ideological implications. For instance, the agent explicitly indicates who performs what in an active structure with a transitive verb. A nominalized structure, however, might transform that statement into an intransitive one. In this instance, a new structure with a removed agent will exist. The author of the text could alternatively adopt the viewpoint that everything must be reified in order to have existence. Additionally, those reified abstract nouns can be employed as the subject of a sentence to give the impression that it is an entity, as if it were something tangible with required properties (Billig, 2008, p. 786).

Another criterion for displaying hegemonic and ideological structures in the book is the lexical choice, which refers to the words, phrases, and expressions selected to address individuals in a text.

Mood analysis is concerned with the way people engage with one another by taking turns and using various speech acts. Interactants use speech acts to “give or demand information or good & services, […] statements for giving information, questions for demanding information, offers for giving goods & services and command for demanding goods & services” (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p. 97). Clause types and speech acts encourage all participants to participate in a conversation because everyone plays a complementary part in the dialogue. A researcher will also be able to discern what is being said in secret during a conversation by analyzing those components.

The analysis of discourse practice, often referred to as the interpretation stage, is the second level of CDA. In the discursive level, a researcher seeks to interpret the production, distribution, and consumption of the text (Fairclough, 1995, p. 2). A discursive practice also depends on extraneous elements like intertextual connections. Fairclough (1995) claims that Bakhtin’s notion of genre serves as the foundation for his framework in his work Critical Discourse Analysis. According to Bakhtin, language is the result of the creation of unique utterances that are utilized to express the unique intentions of the text producer. Each participant creates the content by applying a linguistic style to a set of lexical or grammatical objects as they work. Each sphere in which language is used develops its own relatively stable types of these utterances. Communication ←13 | 14→is a combination of “thematic content, style, and compositional structure” that are “linked to the whole utterances and are equally determined by the specific nature of the particular sphere” (Bakhtin, 1986, p. 60). Fairclough then builds his own technique, according to which the genuine nature of heterogeneous texts is dependent on earlier, reliable categories or speech genres. A researcher must determine a text’s intertextual qualities, or its place among other texts, in order to analyze its form and meaning.