Foreign Assistance of Illiberal and Autocratic Regimes

Name: Foreign Assistance of Illiberal and Autocratic Regimes
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Author: Sevinc Öztürk
ISBN: 978-3-631-90408-4

Öztürk, Sevinc

Foreign Assistance of Illiberal and Autocratic Regimes

by Sevinc Öztürk (Author)

History & Political Science

Summary

This book suggests a theoretical framework for the non-democratic and illiberal donors of foreign aid and tests the empirical support of this framework. It aims to examine the foreign aid motivation and preferences of non-democratic and illiberal countries. The study applies the quantitative methodology to understand why nondemocratic and illiberal regimes provide foreign aid and what affects their aid preferences. The findings show that the nature of the relationship between the government and the business elite influences both aid motivation and aid preferences in those countries.

Excerpt

Cover
Title
Copyright
About the author
About the book
This eBook can be cited
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Why Study the Motivations of Non-democratic and Illiberal Donors?
Chapter 2. Literature Review
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Foreign Aid as an Instrument of Foreign Policy
2.3. Shifting Focus to the Domestic Motivations of Donors
2.3.1. Institutional Explanations: Democracies vs. Non-Democracies
2.3.2. Ideological Explanations
2.3.3. Interests-based Explanations: Accounting the Business in
Chapter 3. Domestic Motivations and Preferences of Foreign Aid in Autocratic and Illiberal Donors
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Theory
3.3. Defining Business Elites and Configurations of Business Elites
3.3.1. Business Elites
3.3.2. Business-Elite Configuration
3.4. General Assumptions
3.4.1. Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics
3.4.2. Regime Type and Leader’s Survival
3.4.3. Foreign Aid as a Multi-Purposed Economic Tool
3.5. Political Influence of Business Elites on Foreign Aid
3.5.1. The Influence of Business Elites on Donorship
3.5.2. Configuration of Business Elites on Foreign Aid Preferences
Chapter 4. Donor Motivations in Illiberal and Autocratic Regimes
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Data
4.2.1. Dependent Variables
4.2.2. Independent Variables
Measurement of Political Influence of Business Elites and Enterprise Survey
4.2.3. Control Variables
4.3. Estimation Strategy and Tests
4.4. Results
4.4.1. Robustness Checks
Chapter 5. Donor Preferences in Illiberal and Autocratic Regimes
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Data
5.2.1. Dependent Variables
Aid Preferences: Value of the Foreign Aid
Aid Preferences: Aid Sector
Aid Preferences: Type of Recipient
5.2.2. Independent Variables
Measuring Configuration of Business Elites and the Herfindahl Hirschman Index
5.2.3. Control Variables
5.3. Estimation Strategy and Tests
5.4. Results
Chapter 6. Conclusion
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Summary of the Findings
6.3. Significance of the Study
6.4. Limitations
6.5. Implications
6.5.1. Theoretical Implications
6.5.2. Policy Implications
6.6. Conclusion and Future Research
Appendix A
A.1. Chinese Foreign Assistance
A.2. Country-Years Included in Analyses of Chapter 4
A.3. Country-Years Included in Analyses of Chapter 5
Bibliography

List of Tables

Table 4.1. Variable Names, Operationalizations, and Sources

Table 4.2. OLS Analysis of Perception of Corruption

Table 4.3. Descriptive Statistics

Table 4.4. Logit Analysis of Whether Aid is Given

Table 4.5. OLS Analysis of Amount of Given Aid

Table 4.6. Heckman Analysis of Given Aid and Amount of Given Aid

Table 4.7. Logit Analysis of Whether Aid is Given

Table 4.8. OLS Analysis of Amount of Given Aid

Table 4.9. Heckman Analysis of Given Aid and Amount of Given Aid

Table 4.10. Probit Analysis of Whether Aid Is Given

Table 4.11. Probit Analysis of Whether Aid Is Given

Table 4.12. Tobit Analysis of Amount of Given Aid

Table 4.13. Tobit Analysis of Amount of Given Aid

Table 4.14. Tobit Analysis of Generosity

Table 5.1. Variable Names, Operationalizations, Sources, and Original Variable Names

Table 5.2. Descriptive Statistics

Table 5.3. OLS Analysis of Aid Projects Values

Table 5.4. Negative Binomial Analysis of Aid Projects Values

Table 5.5. OLS Analysis of Aid Projects Values

Table 5.6. Negative Binomial Analysis of Aid Projects Values

Table 5.7. OLS Analysis of Aid Sector Distribution

Table 5.8. Tobit Analysis of Aid Sector Fragmentation

Table 5.9. OLS Analysis of Type of Recipient

Table 5.10. Ordinal Logit Analysis of Type of Recipient

Table 5.11. Ordinal Probit Analysis of Type of Recipient

Table A.1. Country Observations in the Analyses of Chapter 4 (Years: 2002–2018)

Table A.2. Countries in Enterprise Survey (2002–2018)

Table A.3. Country and Years Used in Analyses of Chapter 5

Chapter 1 Introduction

Abstract: Recent decades have witnessed the emergence and rise of foreign aid donors with illiberal or non-democratic regimes. This book aims to discover why these countries have emerged as foreign aid donors. To examine this question, this chapter formulates the research questions raised throughout the book with the background of these questions. The chapter discusses why examining the assistance of non-democratic and illiberal donors from the domestic political perspective is significant. Briefly, this chapter provides an overview of the book.

Keywords: Emerging DonorsNon-DAC donorsNon-democratic DonorsIlliberal DonorsDomestic Politics of Aid

1.1. Introduction

In October 2017, Hun Sen,¹ the Prime Minister of Cambodia, implied that Cambodia is choosing China over the United States by challenging the US to cut the U.S. foreign aid; Cambodia also signed a foreign aid agreement with China (Thul, 2017, 2018). Chinese influence in Cambodia is not new; China has been providing foreign aid to Cambodia since 1956² (Marsot, 1969); however, this event clearly shows that in comparison to the U.S. aid, China has increased its influence on Cambodia as becoming the top donor in this country.

This is not the only case where Chinese foreign aid takes over the influence of U.S. foreign aid. According to data released by AidData (AidData, 2017b),³ a research lab at the College of William and Mary, China has become a global provider of foreign aid. Samantha Custer, director of policy analysis at AidData, stated that “If the U.S. follows through on its rhetoric and scales back its global footprint, China may be well-positioned to step into the breach and cement its role as a preferred donor and lender to the developing world” (Griffiths, 2017). Figure 1.1 illustrates the Chinese foreign assistance since the 1990s.⁴

Although Chinese foreign assistance is one of the most notable cases that attracted scholarly attention, the assistance of non-democratic countries in the international foreign aid regime and the legitimacy of their aid have also been discussed beyond the Chinese example. Venezuela’s aid package to Cuba and Nicaragua to transfer its model to these countries, Iran’s aid to Lebanon to prove itself as a regional power, and Russia’s foreign assistance to Nicaragua as the largest Russian aid recipient, have largely been debated and sometimes criticized in the media and academic studies (Asmus, Fuchs, & Muller, 2018; Naim, 2009; Woods, 2008).⁵

Details

Pages: 136
Year: 2023
ISBN (PDF): 9783631904077
ISBN (ePUB): 9783631904084
ISBN (Hardcover): 9783631885413
DOI: 10.3726/b20948
Language: English
Publication date: 2023 (August)
Keywords: Democratization Differentiated Integration Euroscepticism Integration Membership and alternatives Populism
Published: Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Warszawa, Wien, 2023. 136 pp., 10 fig. b/w, 28 tables.

Biographical notes

Sevinc Öztürk (Author)

Sevinç Öztürk is an assistant professor in the Department of Management and Organization at Bitlis Eren University in Turkey. She earned her Ph.D. in political science at Rutgers University, where she has also worked as a teaching assistant and part-time lecturer. She holds a BA in international relations from Ege University, İzmir, Turkey, and MA in international relations from Turkish War Colleges, Istanbul,Turkey. Her research interests include regime type, minority politics, and foreign aid policies of states.

Foreign Assistance of Illiberal and Autocratic Regimes

Summary

Excerpt

Table Of Contents

List of Tables

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1. Introduction

Details

Biographical notes

Key Subject Areas