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Title: Research on the Ethnic Relationship and Ethnic Culture Changes in the West of the Tibetan–Yi Corridor

Research on the Ethnic Relationship and Ethnic Culture Changes in the West of the Tibetan–Yi Corridor

by Gao Zhiying (Author)
©2024 Monographs XII, 350 Pages
Science, Society & Culture

Summary

As the first inter-disciplinary study of ethnic relationship and cultural changes in the westernmost section of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor, this book brings together a broad range of analyses from the anthropological, historical, and frontier studies perspectives. The author builds on a synthesis of Fei Xiaotong’s Tibetan-Yi corridor theory and Wang Mingming’s cultural theory and to present a rich historical narrative of the dynamic interactions among the Lisu, Nu, Dulong, Naxi, Bai, Tibetan and Pumi ethnic groups in this region from the Tang Dynasty to the Republic of China period. In addition to a vast body of existing literature, the study also draws on extensive fieldwork. Its findings not only enhance our knowledge of the historical development of particular ethnic groups in a specific region but also have implications for how we should understand the development of the Chinese nation as a whole.

Table Of Contents

  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Table of Contents
  • List of Figures
  • List of Tables
  • Introduction
  • 1. Research Background and Its Value
  • 1.1 Research Background
  • 1.2 Main Research Content
  • 1.3 Research Value
  • 2. Literature Review
  • 2.1 Overview of Naxi Studies
  • 2.2. Overview of Tibetan and Pumi Studies
  • 2.3 Research on Lisu, Nu, Dulong and Lemo people
  • 3 Natural and Social Environment of the Research Field
  • 3.1 The Natural Environment of the Research Site
  • 3.2 The Social Environment of the Research Field
  • Notes
  • ·1· Ethnic Groups in the Western Area of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor after Battles among Three Parties in the Tang Dynasty
  • 1.1 Migration and Distribution of Moxie Man
  • 1.1.1. Ruin of Yuexizhao
  • 1.1.2. Tieqiao and Moxie Man
  • 1.2 Migration and Distribution of Shi Man, Shun Man, Suli Man and Changhui Man
  • 1.2.1. Migration and Distribution of Shi Man and Shun Man
  • 1.2.2. Migration and Distribution of Suli Man and Changhui Man
  • 1.3 Migration and Distribution of Hanshang Man and Bai Man
  • 1.3.1. Hanshang Man
  • 1.3.2. Bai Man
  • 1.4 Economic Exchanges and Cultural Changes among the Ethnic Groups in the Upstream and Downstream Areas of Tieqiao
  • 1.4.1. Discussion on Variant Wu Man
  • 1.4.2. Economic and Cultural Exchanges among Ethnic Groups in the Western Area of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • Notes
  • ·2·
  • 2.1 Yuan Soldiers’ Crossing Jinsha River Using Animal Bladders as a Floatation Device and Establishment of Lijianglu General Military and Civilian Government
  • 2.1.1. Yuan Soldiers’ Crossing Jinsha River Using Animal Bladders as a Floatation Device
  • 2.1.2. Establishment of Lijiang Military and Civilian General Administration
  • 2.2 Distribution and Cultural Changes of Eight Minority Ethnic Groups in Lijianglu
  • 2.2.1. Distribution of Eight Minority Ethnic Groups in Lijianglu
  • 2.2.2. Cultural Exchanges and Changes among the Eight Minority Ethnic Groups in Lijianglu
  • Notes
  • ·3· The Rise of the Mu Clan during the Ming Dynasty and Ethnic Groups in the Western Area of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • 3.1 Rise of the Mu Clan
  • 3.1.1. Formation of the Local Chief Group of the Mu Clan
  • 3.1.2. The Ethnic Composition of Ruling Group of the Mu Clan
  • 3.1.3. Battles between Local Chieftains of the Mu Clan and Tubo
  • 3.1.4. The Thought of Local Chieftains of the Mu Clan to Fulfil Duties of an Official
  • 3.2 Ethnic Distribution Pattern and Cultural Changes in the Western Area of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor in the Ming Dynasty
  • 3.2.1. The Rise and Fall of Settlements of Naxi Ethnic Group and Tubo
  • 3.2.2. Lu Man’s Migration and Internal Differentiation in the Western Area of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • 3.3 Development of Ethnic Relations in the Western Area of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • 3.3.1. Division of the Jurisdiction of the Western Area of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor between Lisu Tribal Chief and Local Chieftains of the Mu Clan
  • 3.3.2. Relationship between Lisu People and Other Ethnic Groups in the Western Area of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • Notes
  • ·4· Ethnic Groups on the Western Edge of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor against the Decline of the Local Chieftains of the Mu Clan in the Qing Dynasty
  • 4.1 Weixi Hengzhabeng Uprising and Westward Movement by Lisu People
  • 4.1.1. Weixi Hengzhabeng Uprising
  • 4.1.2. Lisu’s Migration to the Western Edge of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • 4.2 The Pyramid Ruling Model on the Western Edge of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor in the Qing Dynasty
  • 4.2.1. Replacing the Chieftain System with Direct Rule by the Qing Court and Establishment of Local Lower Management Structures
  • 4.2.2. Rule of Tibetan Chieftains and Lamaseries over the Northern Section of the Western End of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • 4.2.3. The Rule of Competent Lisu and Nu People over the Ethnic Groups in the Northern Section of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • 4.2.4. Huge Influence of the Central Dynasty in the Western End of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • 4.2.5. Operation and Management of the Southern Section of the Western Edge of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor by Duan Chieftains
  • 4.2.6. Western Catholic Forces Infiltrated into the Northern Section of the West Edge of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • 4.3. Social Culture Changes of the Ethnic Groups on the Western Edge of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor in the Qing Dynasty
  • 4.3.1. Ramification and Integration of Nu and Qiu People
  • 4.3.2. Cultural Changes of Ethnic Groups on the Western Edge of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor in the Qing Dynasty
  • Notes
  • ·5· The Ethnic Groups along the Tibetan-Yi Corridor during the Crisis in the Period of the Republic of China
  • 5.1 Ethnic Groups against British and Japanese Invaders along the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • 5.1.1. Ethnic Groups on the Tibetan-Yi Corridor in the Resistance against British Aggression
  • 5.1.2. Ethnic Groups on the Tibetan-Yi Corridor in the Resistance against Japanese Aggression
  • 5.1.3. Dulong People Facing the British Invasion
  • 5.2 The Management by the Kuomintang Government along the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • 5.2.1. The Border Development Team Commenced the Management by the Kuomintang Government
  • 5.2.2. Immigration of Han, Naxi and Bai Peoples and Han-Acculuration of Relevant Ethnic Groups
  • 5.3 Christianity Spreads into the West Edge of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • 5.3.1. Christianity Spread into the South of the Region
  • 5.3.2. Christianization of Lisu, Nu and Dulong
  • 5.4 Cultural Changes of Ethnic Groups on the Western Edge of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor during the Period of the Republic of China
  • 5.4.1. Migration and Distribution of Lisu People
  • 5.4.2. The Relationship between Black Lisu and Naxi Ethnic Groups and Their Cultural Changes
  • 5.4.3. The Relationship between White Lisu / Mixed Lisu with Han and Their Han-Acculuration
  • 5.4.4. The Relationship between Lisu Ethnic Group and Other Ethnic Groups, and Their Lisu-Acculuration
  • Notes
  • ·6· Ethnic Relations and Changes in Ethnic Culture
  • 6.1 Characteristics of Ethnic Separation and Integration in the Western End of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • 6.1.1. Diachronic Characteristics
  • 6.1.2. Synchronic Differences
  • 6.2 Causes of Ethnic Migration, Separation and Integration in the Western End of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • 6.2.1. Wars and Conflicts
  • 6.2.2. Search for Economic Resources
  • 6.3. Mainstream and Path of the Ethnic Cultural Changes in the West Edge of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • 6.3.1. Mainstream of the Ethnic Cultural Changes in the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • 6.3.2. Path of the Ethnic Cultural Changes in the Tibetan-Yi Corridor
  • Notes
  • Bibliography

Gao Zhiying

Research on the Ethnic Relationship and Ethnic Culture Changes
in the West of the Tibetan–Yi Corridor

Translated by Ren Jiandan

image

PETER LANG

New York - Berlin - Bruxelles - Chennai - Lausanne - Oxford

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Gao, Zhiying, author.
Title: Research on the Ethnic Relationship and Ethnic Culture Changes in the West of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor / Gao Zhiying.
Other titles: Zang Yi zou lang xi bu bian yuan min zu guan xi yu min zu wen hua bian qian yan jiu. English Description: New York : Peter Lang, [2024] | Translation of: Zang Yi zou lang xi bu bian yuan min zu guan xi yu min zu wen hua bian qian yan jiu, 2010. | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023017979 (print) | LCCN 2023017980 (ebook) | ISBN 9781433180088 (hardback) | ISBN 9781433180071 (ebook) | ISBN 9781433180095 (epub) | ISBN 9781433180293 (mobi)
Subjects: LCSH: Tibeto-Burman peoples–China–Yunnan Sheng. | Ethnology–China–Yunnan Sheng. | Ethnic groups–China–Yunnan Sheng. | Yunnan Sheng (China)–Ethnic relations.
Classification: LCC DS793.Y8 G3613 2024 (print) | LCC DS793.Y8 (ebook) | DDC 305.895/4105135–dc23/eng/20230516
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/202 3017 979
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023017980
DOI 10.3726/b16870


Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek.The German National Library lists this publication in the GermanNational Bibliography; detailed bibliographic data is availableon the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de .


Cover design by Peter Lang Group AG

ISBN 9781433180088 (hardback)
ISBN 9781433180071 (ebook)
ISBN 9781433180095 (epub)
DOI 10.3726/b16870

Supported by a Grant from the Yunnan University Double First-Class Initiative

This edition is an authorized translation from the Chinese language edition Published by arrangement with Social Sciences Academic Press (China) All rights reserved




© 2024 Peter Lang Group AG, Lausanne
Published by Peter Lang Publishing Inc., New York, USA
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List of Figures

Figure 3-1 Pedigree of La Xiu, Hu Clan, Lemo Ethnic Group in Bijiang

Figure 3-2 Pedigree of Hu Clan of Lepo Ethnic Group at Ega Village, Fourth District, Bijiang

Figure 3-3 Pedigree of Lemo Ethnic Group at Jiaduoma Village, Fifth District, Bijiang

Figure 3-4 Pedigree of La Wu Clan of Lemo Ethnic Group at Lumadeng Township, Fugong County

Figure 4-1 Pedigree of Qiao Clan of Lisu Ethnic Group in Jinxiuge, Third District, Bijiang

Figure 4-2 Pedigree of Lapa Clan of Lisu Ethnic Group in Third District, Bijiang

Figure 4-3 Pedigree of Lapa Clan

Figure 5-1 Pedigree of Mu Family in Burma

List of Tables

Table 4-1 Hereditary Tuqianzong and Tubazong Officials

Table 4-2 Pedigree of the Local Chieftains (Tuqianzong and Tubazong) in Weixi

Table 5-1 Survey Form of Foreign Businessmen in Fugong County

Introduction

1. Research Background and Its Value

1.1 Research Background

This volume mainly focuses on the northwestern part of Yunnan, that is, the western part of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor named by Mr. Fei Xiaotong. The Tibetan-Yi Corridor extends from Gansu, Qinghai, to the south, along the Jin sha River, the Lancang River and the Nujiang River. Regarding this fan-shape area, the core area is in the west of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor, then the Lancang River, Nujiang River and the Dulong River Basin are the western edge of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor.

Mr. Fei Xiaotong first proposed the concept of “Tibetan-Yi Corridor” in 1978 and improved it in his two speeches on ethnic issues in 1981 and 1982. In “On the Issue of In-depth Ethnic Investigation” he said, “The area mentioned above is the historically formed ethnic area. The Tibetan-Yi Corridor includes Gansu and Luoyu area on the southern slope of the Himalayas to the Naga area in northern Myanmar and eastern India, where ethnic groups of similar origin live. It seems that the ethnic groups in this corridor are all in the area between the Tibet people and the Yi people.”1 As somebody working at the Ethnic Studies Institute of Yunnan University, this author felt duty-bound to explore ethnic relations and ethnic cultural changes in the western region of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor.

The Naxi people’s history and culture research scholars have done many researches in the core area of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor. This author has paid attention to and studied the ethnic relations and cultural changes in this area for some time. However, as a native-speaker of Naxi, I mainly concentrate on the entire western region of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor systematically and comprehensively, sort out its ethnic relations and historical and cultural changes, instead of focusing on the core area of the Naxi cultural circle like many other Naxi compatriots and scholars, which is a rational choice for this author to combine my life experience and academic background.

After 10 years of teaching at the Nujiang Ethnic Normal University, this author returned to Kunming in 1995 to pursue my Master Degree in the history of ethnic minorities with Dr. Lin Chaomin, an expert in the history of ethnic groups in China. In 2001, I continued to study with Lin, now pursuing my Ph.D. In 2006, I was a postdoctoral fellow in anthropology under the tutelage of Dr. Wang Mingming. This author was fortunate to study with two experts in history and anthropology for almost 15 years, from the Nujiang River to Kunming, and from Kunming to Beijing. This process is also a process in which I continue to explore the combination of theories and methods of history and anthropology. If it is said that studying for a doctorate is a spontaneous process of transition from history to ethnology, then the postdoctoral stage is a conscious stage. I realized that only multidisciplinary comprehensive research can systematize the study of ethnic history and culture in the western Tibetan-Yi Corridor in-depth.

After the Lijiang Earthquake in 1995 and the designation of the ancient city of Lijiang as a World Cultural Heritage in 1997, the “Naxi culture craze” and “Lijiang culture craze” were set off in the academic circles. Together with the stimulation of the tourism economy, Naxi culture research climaxes one after another, especially among the young Naxi students who can speak their native language. It seems that the study of the history and culture of their own nation has become a fixed pattern or trajectory. This author’s research of “doing the opposite way” was deeply influenced by my tutors, Dr. Lin Chaomin and Professor Muqin. Dr. Lin Chaomin is the first person to receive a Ph.D. in ethnic history since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. With his own experience, he advocates that “men are afraid of entering the wrong profession, and women are afraid of marrying the wrong man”. He insists that the choice of research direction should be combined with personal interests, which gives students wider scope in the choice of research direction. Professor Mu Qin, a Naxi historian, cooperated with Mr. Fang Guoyu to sort out the southwest ethnic literature and historical materials all his life. Mr. Fang Guoyu, whose academic mind was broadened by cross-ethnic research, not only focused his academic vision in the field of the history and culture of his own ethnic group, but also systematically studied the ethnic history and culture of Yunnan and the southwest. Speaking Naxi and Lisu, this author grew up in the Nujiang Grand Canyon. Muqin advised this author to start from the history and culture of the various ethnic groups in the Nujiang and Dulongjiang regions, and then reversely analyze the Lancang River and Jinsha River in the entire northwestern Yunnan region. The history and culture of this and the other are studied from point to point “connected into pieces”. Professor Lin Chaomin encouraged this author to have the spirit of “the bench must be cold for ten years”. Compared with the craze of Naxi historical and cultural research, the research on the Lisu, Nu, and Dulong people in the Nujiang area is relatively rare. Besides, the research is much more difficult and dangerous in terms of transportation condition and extreme poor the living conditions.

With the expectation and encouragement of my predecessors, this author devoted herself to the study of ethnic history and culture in the Nujiang region, the western fringe of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor during his master’s and doctoral studies. From the Master’s thesis “Research on the Development Process of Ethnic Education in Nujiang Region” to the doctoral dissertation “Research on the Transition of Dulong People’s Concepts in the 20th Century”, this author sorted out the historical issues that the predecessors have not been involved in bit by bit from the Dulong River to the Nujiang River to the Lancang River. Muqin’s proposal is right, the history and culture of various ethnic groups in the entire northwestern Yunnan region is getting closer and closer, from point to point. The goal of “consecutive research” is getting closer and closer, the experience of “cold bench” dawned upon.

However, difficulties grew as the research continued. In the study of the Lisu, Nu, Dulong, and Pumi in the western fringes of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor, the lack of documents and archaeological historical materials has been troubling constantly. These ethnic groups did not have their own national language in history; however, the Pumi script and Hangui script were only used in religion. Han officials and scholars have rarely been these places, hence, Han documents are not so reliable due to cultural prejudices, which generated distortions. Therefore, how to use word-of-mouth materials or ethnic historical memory to restore ethnic history became an urgent issue. Under the guidance of the academic interest in systematically studying the history and culture of the ethnic groups on the western fringes of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor, this author went to Peking University at the age of 40 to study with Dr. Wang Mingming, an anthropology and sociology expert at Peking University. The reason for choosing the topic is also to make up for the lack of academic theory and improve the lack of academic ability in my in-depth research on the ethnic history and culture of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor in Northwest Yunnan, under the guidance of the cooperative tutor. The ethnic history, culture and current situation in the western region are systematically and completely combed and studied.

Despite this author’s poor state of academic preparedness, Professor Wang generously gifted me with copies of all the monographs he had written to help me to understand anthropological theories and methods better. He showed this author a research path and direction that capitalizes on my strengths and overcomes my weaknesses. Although there is a lack of historical documents and archaeological materials on the western edge of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor, there are a large number of oral historical memory materials. To improve the shortcomings of the previous research on the western Tibetan-Yi Corridor, the main research focus is on historical anthropology. The research method is a diachronic sorting out and a synchronic comparative study on the history and cultural changes of the entire western Tibetan-Yi Corridor. Mr. Wang’s guidance made me have a broad vision and a clear direction.

In Mr. Fei Xiaotong’s theory, his concern of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor has opened a broad academic window for this author. The study of ethnic groups in the western Tibetan-Yi Corridor has mainly focus on different history and culture in respective regions. Therefore, there is no systematical and comprehensive study on the relationship between the same origin and different branches and the different origin and the same branches among the many ethnic groups in the western Tibetan-Yi Corridor, as well as the research on their differentiation and integration. Fei’s Tibetan-Yi Corridor ideology enlightened this author that the study of ethnic history in the western region of the Tibetan-Yi Corridor must be carried out in a longer time and in a wider space.

Details

Pages
XII, 350
Year
2024
ISBN (PDF)
9781433180071
ISBN (ePUB)
9781433180095
ISBN (MOBI)
9781433180293
ISBN (Hardcover)
9781433180088
DOI
10.3726/b16870
Language
English
Publication date
2024 (February)
Keywords
Qiang ethnic group history and culture of ethnic groups Tibetan–Yi Corridor Di ethnic group
Published
New York, Berlin, Bruxelles, Chennai, Lausanne, Oxford, 2024. XII, 350 pp., 8 b/w ill., 3 tables.

Biographical notes

Gao Zhiying (Author)

Gao Zhiying holds a Ph.D. in history from Yunnan University, where she serves as Distinguished Professor. Professor Gao completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Social Anthropology at Peking University. Her research focuses on ethnic history, historical anthropology of culture and religion, cultural ethnosociology, and religious anthropology in the westernmost section of the "Tibetan-Yi Corridor" in southwest China and Southeast Asia. She is the author of a number of influential monographs.

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Title: Research on the Ethnic Relationship and Ethnic Culture Changes in the West of the Tibetan–Yi Corridor