Marsilii de Inghen Quaestiones super quattuor libros Sententiarum

Name: Marsilii de Inghen Quaestiones super quattuor libros Sententiarum
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Author: Paweł Superat
ISBN: 978-3-631-90938-6

Superat, Paweł

Marsilii de Inghen Quaestiones super quattuor libros Sententiarum

Super secundum, quaestiones 8-10

by Paweł Superat (Author)

Theology & Philosophy

Series: Studies in Classical Literature and Culture, Volume 16

Summary

The presented volume contains a critical edition of questions 8–10 from Book II of the commentary on Peter Lombard’s Sentences by Marsilius of Inghen († 1396). Marsilius was a famous scholar and the first rector of the University of Heidelberg, educated in Paris. He influenced next generations of philosophers and theologians up to sixteenth century. In general, these questions deal with the problem of creation of the material world. In detail, question 8 addresses the issue of formless matter and the material nature of the heaven. Question 9 addresses the concept of light and some trinitarian problems. Finally question 10 explores the model of the universe and the approach to the relationship between faith and reason.

Excerpt

Cover
Title
Copyright
About the author
About the book
This eBook can be cited
Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction to the edition
1. The Author and His Work
2. The Preserved Copies: Time and Place of Their Preparation
A – Ansbach, Regierungsbibliothek, Ms lat. 62
J – Isny, Nikolaikirche, Hs. 48
K – Kraków, Biblioteka Jagiellońska, cod. BJ 1268
T – Tübingen, Wilhelmsstift, Gb 336a
f – Strasbourg, 1501
3. Relationships Between the Manuscripts
Basic Manuscript
Stemma Codicum
4. Edition’s Rules
5. Descriptio fontium in quibus Marsilii de Inghen „Quaestiones super secundum Sententiarum‟ asservantur
6. Index siglorum
Marsilii de Inghen quaestiones super quattuor libros Sententiarum
Quaestio 8: Utrum omnia corpora sint producta ex materia penitus informi
Rationes principales
Pro supposito
Contra quaesitum
Oppositum
Contra suppositum
Pro quaesito
Corpus quaestionis
Articulus primus: Utrum omnia corpora sint producta ex materia
Notabile primum
Dubium
Ad dubium
Conclusiones ad dubium
Motiva Thomae de Argentina
Opinio auctoris
Ad motiva Thomae de Argentina
Notabile secundum
Conclusio prima – responsalis
Conclusio secunda
Probatio prima conclusionis
Solutiones Thomae de Argentina
De solutionibus Thomae de Argentina
Probatio secunda conclusionis
Conclusio tertia
Corollaria
Conclusio quarta
Articulus secundus: An omnia corpora sint producta ex materia informi
Pars prima articuli secundi: Quid movet ad ponendum materiam primam ens in pura potentia et non ens in actu formalitatis
Notabile primum
Notabile secundum
Conclusio prima
Corollaria
Conclusio secunda
Conclusio tertia
Pars secunda articuli secundi: Utrum tempore materia sine forma distinctionem rerum ex ea factarum praecedere potuit
Notabile
Conclusio prima
Conclusio secunda
Pars tertia articuli secundi: Utrum de facto materia informis praecessisset tempore res generabiles
Notabile primum – opiniones
Notabile secundum
Conclusio prima
Obiectiones cum responsionibus
Conclusio secunda
Dubium auctoris
Ad rationes principales
Ad rationes pro supposito
Ad rationes contra quaesitum
Ad rationes post oppositum
Quaestio 9: Utrum congruum fuerit primo die fieri lucem
Rationes principales
Contra quaesitum
Oppositum
Pro quaesito
Corpus quaestionis
Articulus primus: Utrum congruum fuerit primo die fieri lucem
Pars prima articuli primi: Utrum lux primo die creata sit spiritualis vel corporalis
Notabile
Conclusiones
Pars secunda articuli primi: Utrum lux producebatur mota vel quiescens et si mota, quo motu mota
Opinio auctoris
Obiectiones
Ad obiectiones
Pars tertia articuli primi: Utrum congruum fuit primo die fieri lucem
Conclusio responsalis
Obiectiones cum responsionibus
Obiectio cum responsione
Ad obiectionem
Pars quarta articuli primi: Quid factum est de luce creata prima die
Notabile
Conclusio responsalis
Articulus secundus: Utrum Pater agat per Filium vel in Filio
Notabilia
Conclusiones
Obiectiones cum responsionibus
Ad rationes principales
Ad rationes contra quaesitum
Ad rationes post oppositum
Quaestio 10: Utrum firmamentum dividens aquas ab aquis sit suo motu inferioribus causa generationis
Rationes principales
Contra suppositum
Contra quaesitum
Oppositum
Pro supposito
Pro quaesito
Corpus quaestionis
Articulus primus: Utrum firmamentum dividat aquas ab aquis
Pars prima articuli primi: Quid debet intelligi per firmamentum
Notabile primum
Corollaria
Notabile secundum
Corollaria
Obiectio
Ad obiectionem
Notabile tertium
Obiectio cum responsione
Notabilia
Pars secunda articuli primi: Quid debet intelligi per aquam
Conclusio responsalis
Dubia
Ad dubium primum
Notabile primum
Notabile secundum
Ad dubium secundum
Pars tertia articuli primi: Utrum firmamentum dividit aquas ab aquis
Conclusio responsalis
Articulus secundus: Quomodo tam catholici, quam philosophi dicere consueverunt caelum suo motu esse causam generationis
Notabilia
Corollaria
Notabile
Conclusio prima
Obiectiones
Ad obiectiones
Corollaria
Notabile
Corollaria
Conclusio secunda
Obiectio cum responsione
Articulus tertius: Utrum motus firmamenti sit causa generationis in his inferioribus, et quamvis motus firmamenti non esset, adhuc posset fieri generatio in his inferioribus
Conclusio prima – responsalis
Dubium et rationes Thomae de Argentina
Conclusio secunda – contra Thomam de Argentina
Corollarium
Conclusio tertia
Ad rationes Thomae de Argentina
Conclusiones quarta et quinta
Corollarium
Ad rationes principales
Ad rationes contra suppositum
Ad rationes contra quaesitum
Obiectiones cum responsionibus
Continuatio responsionum ad rationes contra quaesitum
Ad rationes post oppositum
Bibliographia

Acknowledgements

This volume results from the research financed by National Science Center, Poland, in the frame of Preludium project No. 2017/27/N/HS1/02492. It contains the first critical edition of the questions belonging to the second book of Marsilius of Inghen’s (†1396) commentary on the Sentences. In questions 8–10 edited there, he presents his idea of the creation of the material world.

The edition, along with an expanded introduction, is a part of my doctoral thesis prepared under the supervision of Professor Hanna Wojtczak and Maciej Stanek, Ph.D. at the University of Silesia in Katowice.

I would like to express my special thanks and gratitude to my Master, Professor Hanna Wojtczak, without whose valuable comments, dedicated time, and patience, this work could not have been completed. I would also like to thank Maciej Stanek, Ph.D. for his priceless assistance on multiple levels, which I could rely on while working on this book. I am grateful to Professor Elżbieta Jung (University of Łódź) and Professor Małgorzata Kowalewska-Harasymiuk (Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin) for several significant improvements to the Latin text of the edition. I also thank Professor Krystyna Krauze-Błachowicz (University of Warsaw) for her substantive remarks and help in resolving Latin difficulties. I would like to express my gratitude to Joanna Kowalska, Ph.D. and Łukasz Tomanek, M.A. for their friendly support. I thank Mikołaj Golubiewski, Ph.D. (Active Communication & Translation) for his cooperation and proofreading. To the Team for research projects, Faculty of Humanities, University of Silesia in Katowice, especially to Anna Dziadek, M.A. I am grateful for her support in the formalities related to the implementation and administration of the grant, which resulted in this book. I thank the publisher of this volume, Peter Lang, especially its Editor Łukasz Gałecki, for accepting the book into the publishing plan and for its efficient publication.

I thank my Mother, Irena, for her invaluable help and support. I am incredibly grateful to my beloved Wife, Dorota, and our children – Jacek, Róża, Dominik, and Katarzyna – for their patience and discreet support in everyday life. Thank you all very much!

Introduction to the edition

1. The Author and His Work

The author of the following questions from the commentary on Peter Lombard’s Sentences is Marsilius of Inghen. His life and works,¹ especially his commentary on the Sentences,² were the subject of many studies. Thus, in this introduction, I will limit information about Marsilius and his commentary on the minimum required for critical editions.

During the first period of his academic life, Marsilius was associated with the University of Paris, which he graduated in 1362 at the Faculty of Arts and where, as magister actu regens, he began teaching, eventually gaining recognition as a professor, rector, and the University’s deputy to the Roman Curia. Due to the lack of a sources, it is difficult to determine what was the course of Marsilius’s life during the turmoil of the Western Schism. This period is associated with many unknowns.³ Since 1386, he stayed in Heidelberg, where as a respected professor, he was engaged in founding the local university. He became its first rector and was later elected for the post a few more times. In Heidelberg, as a lecturer at the Faculty of Arts, he resumed in the early 1390s his theological studies interrupted during the Western Schism, which he had already begun in Paris in 1366.⁴ Marsilius completed his studies in 1395 or 1396 and became the first doctor of theology promoted in Heidelberg. He died shortly thereafter, on August 20, 1396.

The material result of Marsilius’s theological studies is his commentary on all four books of Peter Lombard’s Sentences. According to the oldest statutes of the University of Heidelberg, each bachelor of theology was required to conduct lectures on this work for two years. In the first year, Marsilius discussed the first two books, and in the following year, the next two,⁵ which took place between 1392 and 1394. In this period, he most likely developed the essential basis of his commentary. Editors and researchers of Marsilius’s theological legacy draw attention to the passages in this commentary (e.g. some unanswered rationes), which indicate that Marsilius conducted editorial work also after his graduation and continued it until his death.⁶ Therefore, Marisilius wrote the commentary between 1392 and 1396.⁷ Thus, this is a work written by a renowned philosopher at the end of his life. The commentary covers all four books⁸ of Peter Lombard’s Sentences, including many theologically and philosophically important questions. Hence, we can consider it Marsilius’s opus magnum.

In the twentieth century, scholars began working on a critical study of the whole work. Thus far, they have published questions 1–38 and 40 from the 47-question commentary on Book I⁹ and questions 1–5 from the 15-question commentary on Book III.¹⁰ This publication presents a critical edition of three questions (8–10) from Marsilius’s 24-question commentary on Book II.¹¹

Book II (questions 8–10) focuses entirely on the problem of creation. It discusses the following questions:¹²

1. Utrum omnis perfectio regni creati possit quoad se totam et in singulis suis partibus augeri et minui?
2. Utrum angeli creati sint in caelo empyreo, ut in loco eis naturali?
3. Utrum sicut quilibet angelus a quolibet alio angelo differt specie, sic ille, qui malus est, potuit a principio produci debitor penae?
4. Utrum sicut angelus in esse suae creatoris primo habuit gratiam, sic per illam meruerit gloriam?
5. Utrum sicut angelus primo peccavit per superbiam, sic in malo obstinatus nequeat redire ad gratiam?
6. Utrum sicut daemon potest corpori illabi, sic secreta mentium nostrarum possit intueri?
7. Utrum sicut superiores angeli cognoscunt per concreatas sibi species, sic – loquendo secundum illas – valeant purgare inferiores et ad quos mittuntur homines?
8. Utrum omnia corpora sunt producta ex materia penitus informi?
9. Utrum congruum fuit primo die fieri lucem?
10. Utrum firmamentum dividens aquas ab aquis sit suo motu inferioribus causa generationis?
11. Utrum anima animalis composita ex elementis sit omnibus suis partibus essentialiter specialissime similis?
12. Utrum possibile est esse locum super terram, in quo homo possit semper vivere, qualis esse deberet paradissus?
13. Utrum pueri in statu innocentiae geniti fuissent tam in anima quam in corpore a nativitate perfecti?
14. Utrum sicut omnis tentatio est peccatum, sic peccatum primi hominis tentatione commisum est peccatorum gravissimum?
15. Utrum peccatum primorum parentium, quo volebant assimilari Deo possit per ingratiam excusari?
16. Utrum sicut homo productus est a Deo cum voluntate libera, sic etiam productus est ab eodem in gratum faciente gratiam?
17. Utrum sicut gratia, quae est virtus voluntatem bonam efficit, sic et ipsa eadem actus meritorii causa principalis sit?
18. Utrum, sicut viator ex puris naturalibus nequit mereri primam gratiam, etiam de congruo, sic nequeat per gratiam gratis datam mereri gloriam de condigno?
19. Utrum sicut peccatum originale est concupiscentia, sic in homines communiter natos transeat a parentibus, ut animae aequalis macula?
20. Utrum virgo Maria ianua caeli et domina mundi in originali peccato fuerit concepta?
21. Utrum sicut omne peccatum aliquem actum includit, sic circa suum subiectum aliquem actum excludit?
22. Utrum sicut omnium bonarum voluntatum est idem finis libere intentus, sic libertas hominis principalius se teneat ex parte voluntatis quam intellectus?
23. Utrum sicut irremissibile est peccatum in Spiritum Sanctum, sic in quantitate peccari nullum aliud possit esse tantum?
24. Utrum sicut potentia peccandi est a Deo, sic omnis potentia dominandi sit ab eo?

Based on the list, we may conclude that Marsilius retained the book arrangement corresponding to Peter Lombard’s Sentences. However, although Marsilius refers to each of Peter’s distinctions, he creatively develops the scope of those themes that interest him. Apart from the general first question, which was the subject of the introductory lecture (principium),¹³ in the following questions Marsilius presents the concept of the creation of particular kinds of entities, namely spiritual entities (angels; questions 2–7), material entities (the world and the cosmos; questions 8–10, which are the subject of this work), and corporeal-spiritual entities (especially human beings; questions 11–24).

2. The Preserved Copies: Time and Place of Their Preparation

The questions considered below regard the creation of the material world. They are preserved in four fifteenth-century codices and in one early modern print,¹⁴ for which I adopted the following symbols as per the designations adopted by the editors of Book I:

A – Ansbach, Regierungsbibliothek, Ms lat. 62
J – Isny, Nikolaikirche, Hs. 48
K – Kraków, BJ 1268
T – Tübingen, Wilhelmsstift, Gb 336a
f – Strasburg 1501, ed. Martinus Flach Junior, cor. Matthias Schürer

A – Ansbach, Regierungsbibliothek, Ms lat. 62 ¹⁵

Manuscript A contains an excerpt from Book II of Marsilius’s commentary on the Sentences (questions 10–24) and the entire Book III of the commentary. It contains several ownership notes:

– Iudocus Glasir de Garlitz;¹⁶
– Ecclesiae sancti Gumperti in Onolspach ex testamento magistri Jodoci Glaser olim decani eiusdem;¹⁷
– Liber ecclesiae sancti Gumperti in Onolspach.¹⁸

Based on these notes, we may state that the manuscript belonged to Iodocus Glaser of Görlitz, which after his death and following his last will was bequeathed to the chapter of the Collegiate Church of St. Gumbert in Ansbach. Iudocii Glasir de Garlitz served as dean of the chapter of St. Gumbert in Ansbach from 1440 until his death in 1449.¹⁹ According to his will, his copy of Marsilius’s commentary on the Sentences and the rest of the book collection remained in the possession of the chapter over which he presided.²⁰

In the absence of more detailed data that would allow us to narrow down the time of the manuscript’s creation, the year of Iudocii’s death is considered terminus ante quem, namely the year 1449.²¹ It is difficult to determine where the manuscript was created. According to the literature, it may have been central Germany.²² However, it could also be Leipzig which was where Iudocii studied.²³

J – Isny, Nikolaikirche, Hs. 48 ²⁴

Manuscript J contains the Books I and II of Marsilius’s commentary on the Sentences. It also contains a tabula quaestionum.²⁵ Gerald of Castrikum wrote the entire manuscript and left information about himself in the colophons:

– Expliciunt quaestiones primi libri Sententiarum reverendi magistri Mercilii de Inghen sacrae theologiae professoris eximii scriptae per magistrum Gheraerdum Casterkem propria manu;²⁶
– Expliciunt quaestiones secundi libri Sententiarum magistri Mercilii de Inghen sacrae theologiae professoris eximii scriptae per magistrum Gerardum Casterkem propria manu.²⁷

These are the only direct information about the history of this manuscript’s preparation. Based on university documents, we know that Gerald of Castrikum began his studies in Heidelberg in 1411,²⁸ received his Master of Arts degree in 1415,²⁹ and became Dean of the Faculty of Liberal Arts on June 23, 1419.³⁰ The sources regarding Gerald of Castrikum’s presence in Heidelberg do not mention him after this year.³¹ Thus, we may infer that he ended his career at Heidelberg University in 1419 or shortly thereafter. We do not know his later fate.

Thanks to the above information, we may conclude that Gerald of Castrikum wrote manuscript J in Heidelberg between 1415 and 1419, meaning between obtaining his diploma and his disappearance.³² Given that the autograph of Marsilius’s commentary on the Sentences was in Heidelberg from the time of its creation in the 1390s until 1489,³³ it is highly probable that Manuscript J is a direct copy of Marsilius’s autograph. Comparative studies made this thesis even more probable.

K – Kraków, Biblioteka Jagiellońska, cod. BJ 1268 ³⁴

Manuscript K contains Book II of Marsilius’s commentary on the Sentences. There is no direct information as to when or where it was written. However, in the collection of the Jagiellonian Library, where this manuscript is located, there are also two codices containing other books of Marsilius’s commentary on the Sentences, namely book one (BJ 1581) and book three (BJ 1580). The literature treats these three manuscripts containing Marsilius’s commentary as a certain whole, united by the person of their holder and user: Jan Dąbrówka (d. 1472).³⁵ Each of the three books contains marginal notes and tabulae quaestionum written with Dąbrówka’s hand. In view of the previous findings on these manuscripts, the increment of news on these manuscripts, and own findings, we can conclude that this manuscript was created between 1446 and 1456³⁶ in Krakow.³⁷ This follows from the fact that the BJ 1580 manuscript containing Book III of Marsilius’s commentary has an annotation on the inside cover that reads “1456 librarii(?) | 22 julii.”³⁸

We do not know what this date means. It might stand for the bindings of the manuscript, as the publishers of the edition of Book III of Marsilius’s commentary³⁹ suppose. We may assume that on July 22, 1456 the manuscript already existed. This allows us to establish terminus ante quem of the creation of manuscript K to be the year 1456.

We may establish terminus post quem based on the oldest will of Jan Dąbrówka written between 1444 and 1446.⁴⁰ In this will, Dąbrówka lists all his books, which contains neither manuscript K nor any of the other two books containing Marsilius’s commentary on the Sentences.⁴¹ Therefore, Jan Dąbrówka must have come into possession of manuscript K after the will was prepared: in 1446 or later.

Given that the manuscript was written between 1446 and 1456, its first user was probably Jan Dąbrówka, and there was Marsilius’s commentary on the Sentences⁴² in Krakow at least since 1441, we should surmise that the manuscript was written in Krakow, possibly commissioned by Jan Dąbrówka.⁴³

T – Tübingen, Wilhelmsstift, Gb 336a ⁴⁴

Manuscript T contains the entire Book II of Marsilius’s commentary on the Sentences. Above the main text on the first page, there is an ownership note written in the early modern period that reads “Monasterii Wiblingensis.”⁴⁵

The note allows the assumption that the manuscript belonged to the Benedictine Wiblingen Abbey near Ulm. Two more codices with Marsilius’s commentary on the Sentences contain similar notes, namely the Stuttgart Manuscript, Cod. 113, containing Book I, and manuscript Gb 336b containing Book IV of Marsilius’s commentary.⁴⁶ In the past, they constituted a set owned by the Wiblingen Abbey, as indicated also by internal testimony.⁴⁷

According to the literature, these manuscripts, including manuscript T, were created between 1436 and 1440 in the Wiblingen Abbey.⁴⁸ The paper used in these manuscripts has a watermark with a bull’s-head with a six-leaf flower, which was created in 1436 or shortly thereafter. We know when manuscript T was prepared based on the fact that the paper was usually filled with writing up to three or four years after production.⁴⁹

The first mention from Wiblingen Abbey of codices containing Marsilius’s commentary on the Sentences comes from the Abbey’s 1736 catalog. The absence of these manuscripts in the list of borrowed and acquired books from 1432–1450 indicates that they must have been made at this monastery.⁵⁰

f – Strasbourg, 1501 ⁵¹

The early modern print with Marsilius’s commentary on the Sentences was published in two volumes. Volume I contains Books I and II of this commentary while Volume II – Books III and IV. The numbering of the folios is continuous. The tabula alphabetica and tabula quaestionum are at the beginning of Volume I and the colophon is at the end of Volume II.

Book IV ends with the colophon:

Details

Pages: 192
Year: 2023
ISBN (PDF): 9783631909379
ISBN (ePUB): 9783631909386
ISBN (Hardcover): 9783631901373
DOI: 10.3726/b21276
Language: English
Publication date: 2023 (November)
Keywords: Medieval philosophy Medieval theology University of Heidelberg Creation of the world Formless matter Model oft he universe
Published: Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Warszawa, Wien, 2023. 192 pp.

Biographical notes

Paweł Superat (Author)

The presented volume contains a critical edition of questions 8-10 of Book II of the commentary on Peter Lombard’s Sentences by Marsilius of Inghen († 1396). All of them deal with the problem of creation of the material world, e.g. the issue of formless matter, the question of light, and the model of the universe.

Marsilii de Inghen Quaestiones super quattuor libros <I>Sententiarum</I>