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Between Vox Populi and Vox Dei

The Orthodox Church and Embedding Democracy in Bulgaria and Serbia

by Dragan Šljivić (Author)
Thesis 628 Pages

Summary

Many scholars have claimed that predominantly Orthodox countries face challenges in establishing viable democracies. This book seeks to test this “incompatibility thesis” by drawing on the examples of two countries where the Orthodox Church has played a significant role in their histories: Bulgaria and Serbia. Since 2007, Bulgaria has been a member of the European Union, while Serbia still aspires to join it. Are Orthodox orientations entirely incompatible with democratic values? Are the Orthodox Churches and their heritage really the cause of democratization difficulties in these countries? By examining both Orthodox Churches and Orthodox political organizations, this book offers a detailed and nuanced exploration of the complex relationship between Orthodox political theology, Church–State relations and democratization processes, with a focus on the period between 2007 and 2012.

Table Of Contents

  • Cover
  • Title
  • Copyright
  • About the author
  • About the book
  • This eBook can be cited
  • Preface and Acknowledgments
  • Contents
  • List of Tables and Figures
  • Transliteration Guide
  • List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
  • Explanation of Tsǎrkoven Vestnik and Pravoslavlje References
  • 1. Introduction
  • 1.1 Problem Statement and Central Questions
  • 1.2 Theoretical Framework
  • 1.3 Research Strategy and Methodology
  • 1.4 Primary and Secondary Sources
  • 2. The “Incompatibility Thesis”: Is Orthodoxy Compatible with Democracy?
  • 2.1 Arguments from Orthodox History
  • 2.2 Structural Specifities of Orthodox Societies
  • 2.3 The Role of Orthodox Anti-Westernism
  • 2.4 Difficulties with Modern Human Rights
  • 2.5 Critical Assessment of the “Incompatibility Thesis” and Current Orthodox Political Thought
  • 3. Democracy-Building in Bulgaria and Serbia: Key Developments
  • 3.1 Modernization Processes and Socio-economic Preconditions of Democracy-Building
  • 3.1.1 Serbia and Bulgaria: Evolution and Revolutions
  • 3.1.2 Modernization and Socio-economic Conditions After 1989
  • 3.2 Party System, Political System and the Transition from Authoritarian Regimes
  • 3.3 Social Capital, Civil Society and Nation-Building
  • 3.4 The Role of European and International Contexts in Nation-Building
  • 4. The Differentiation between Church and State
  • 4.1 The Internal Organization of the BOC and the SOC
  • 4.1.1 The Constitution of the BOC
  • 4.1.2 The Constitution of the SOC
  • 4.1.3 Territorial Organization and Infrastructure
  • 4.2 Church–State Relations
  • 4.2.1 Is There a Complete Church–State Separation in a Democracy?
  • 4.2.2 The SOC’s Conflicts with the State before 1945
  • 4.2.3 The BOC as the People’s Voice before the State Authorities
  • 4.2.4 The Second World War and its Aftermath
  • 4.2.5 The Contemporary Situation
  • 4.2.6 Other Regulations Implying the State’s Support for Religious Doctrines
  • 5. Political Theology and Orthodox Political Organizations
  • 5.1 The Political Theology of the SOC
  • 5.2 The Political Theology of the BOC
  • 5.3 Orthodox Political Organizations in Serbia and Bulgaria
  • 6. The BOC, the SOC and Embedding Democracy, 2007–2012
  • 6.1 Stateness and EU-related Issues
  • 6.2 Vertical Legitimation
  • 6.3 Liberal Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law
  • 6.4 Effective Power to Govern
  • 7. Toward a “Symphonic Democracy”?
  • References
  • Series index

List of Tables and Figures

Tables:

  1. Table 1: Serbia and Bulgaria—Land area in km2 and population development
  2. Table 2: Urban population percentage in Bulgaria and Serbia
  3. Table 3: Statistics of religious rituals in the People’s Republic of Bulgaria
  4. Table 4: GINI coefficient (income inequality) in Bulgaria and Serbia
  5. Table 5: Statistics of religious education in Bulgaria
  6. Table 6: Election turnouts in Bulgaria and Serbia
  7. Table 7: How important is religion in your life?
  8. Table 8: Religious participation
  9. Table 9: Politicians who do not believe in God are unfit for public office
  10. Table 10: Confidence in Church
  11. Table 11: Trust in Bulgaria and Serbia—confidence in institutions, media and politics
  12. Table 12: Fear of losing national identity within the EU
  13. Table 13: Freedom House “Freedom in the World” scores for Bulgaria and Serbia
  14. Table 14: Comparison of religious freedom in Serbia and Bulgaria

Figures:

Transliteration Guide

Bulgarian Cyrillic Latin Transliteration Serbian Cyrillic Serbian Latin International Pronunciation Alphabet (approximate)
А а A a А а A a a
Б б B b Б б B b b
В в V v В в V v ʋ
Г г G g Г г G g g
Д д D d Д д D d d
Е е E e Е е E e ɛ, e
Ж ж Zh zh Ж ж Ž ž ʒ
З з Z z З з Z z z
И и I i И и I i i
Й й Y y Ј ј J j j
К к K k К к K k k
Л л L l Л л L l ɫ, l
М м M m М м M m m
Н н N n Н н N n n
О о O o О о O o ɔ
П п P p П п P p p
Р р R r Р р R r r
С с S s С с S s s
Т т T t Т т T t t
У у U u У у U u u
Ф ф F f Ф ф F f f
Х х H h1 Х х H h x
Ц ц Ts ts Ц ц C c t͡s
Ч ч Ch ch Ч ч Č č t͡ʃ
Ш ш Sh sh Ш ш Š š ʃ
Ъ ъ Ǎ ǎ ɤ,ɐ
Ь ◌ʲ, j
Щ щ Sht sht ʃt
Ю ю Yu yu ju
Я я Ya ya ja
Ђ ђ Đ đ d͡ʑ
Љ љ Lj lj ʎ
Њ њ Nj nj ɲ
Ћ ћ Ć č t͡ɕ
Џ џ Dž dž d͡ʒ

1 The Russian Cyrillic character “X” in names and references was transliterated as “Kh,” as is usually the case with transliterations of the Russian script. The Russian “Ы” was transliterated as “Y.” Other characters were transliterated as in Bulgarian.

Explanation of Tsǎrkoven Vestnik and Pravoslavlje References

Tsǎrkoven Vestnik No. Pravoslavlje No.
Year annotation 2007–2012 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
January 1 a 1 955- 979- 1003- 1027- 1051- 1075-
January 15 b 2 -956 -980 -1004 -1028 -1052 -1076
February 1 c 3 957 981 1005 1029 1053 1077
February 15 d 4 958 982 1006 1030 1054 1078
March 1 e 5 959 983 1007 1031 1055 1079
March 15 f 6 960 984 1008 1032 1056 1080
April 1 g 7 961 985 1009 1033 1057 1081
April 15 h 8 962 986 1010 1034 1058 1082
May 1 i 9 963 987 1011 1035 1059 1083.
May 15 j 10 964 988 1012 1036 1060 1084
June 1 k 11 965 989 1013 1037 1061 1085
June 15 l 12 966 990 1014 1038 1062 1086
July 1 m 13 967 991 1015 1039 1063 1087
July 15 n 14 968 992 1016 1040 1064 1088
August 1 o 15 969- 993- 1017- 1041- 1065- 1089-
August 15 p 15 -970 -994 -1018 -1042 -1066 -1090
September 1 q 16 971 995 1019 1043 1067 1091
September 15 r 17 972 996 1020 1044 1068 1092
October 1 s 18 973 997 1021 1045 1069 1093
October 15 t 19 974 998 1022 1046 1070 1094
November 1 u 20 975 999 1023 1047 1071 1095
November 15 v 21 976 1000 1024 1048 1072 1096
December 1 w 22 977 1001 1025 1049 1073 1097
December 15 x 23 978 1002 1026 1050 1074 1098
Extraordinary 1 y Extraordinary (izvǎnreden) X X X X X X
Extraordinary 2 z Extraordinary (izvǎnreden) X X X X X X
Extraordinary 3 za Extraordinary (izvǎnreden) X X X X X X
Extraordinary 4 zb Extraordinary (izvǎnreden) X X X X X X

In order to emphasize the respective source, the references to the most important Church publications are given with the publication year and the letter indicating the publication date. The similar principle was applied with the collected works of Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović, where the letter (a–m) after the year indicates the volume (1–13). The Glasnik is published as a single yearly volume, which is why only the year and the specific page are given as a reference.

Details

Pages
628
ISBN (PDF)
9783631926208
ISBN (ePUB)
9783631926215
ISBN (Hardcover)
9783631796665
DOI
10.3726/b22303
Language
English
Publication date
2024 (December)
Keywords
consolidation of democracy embedded democracy democratization orthodox Christianity Southeastern Europe symphonic democracy orthodox political organisations differentiation of church and state political theology serbia bulgaria
Published
Berlin, Bruxelles, Chennai, Lausanne, New York, Oxford, 2024. 628 p.
Product Safety
Peter Lang Group AG

Biographical notes

Dragan Šljivić (Author)

Dragan Šljivić graduated in political science from the University of Belgrade, Serbia. He continued his doctoral studies in Germany as a member of DFG-Graduiertenkolleg 1412 at the Universities of Jena and Erfurt. His research focuses on the cultural orientations, the religious heritage and the socio-political structures of Southeastern Europe. He completed his PhD in religious studies at the University of Erfurt in 2017.

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