Arctic Region in the Climate Change Era: Zone of Conflict or Zone of Cooperation?
Arctic Politics and Cooperation
Summary
radical transformation. Due to the impacts of global warming, physical, climatic,
and environmental conditions of the Arctic Region are rapidly changing. This rapid
transformation of the icy conditions within the Arctic has increased the economic,
environmental, social and political significance of the region within the last decades.
Accordingly, once a peripheral and untended region for the global politics, today is
becoming an inseparable part of the international political agenda. This book aims to
provide a comprehensive analysis of evolution of Arctic Politics since 1980s; focusing
on international cooperation, competition and conflict dynamics. It examines
the emergence and development of international cooperation in the Arctic Region
throughout the last three decades and interrogates challenges of this cooperation
since mid-2010s and into more-troubled 2020s.
Excerpt
Table Of Contents
- Cover
- Title
- Copyright
- About the author
- About the book
- This eBook can be cited
- Table of Contents
- List of Abbreviations
- Chapter 1: Introduction
- 1.1. Literature Review
- 1.2. Research Question(s) and Objectives
- 1.3. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
- 1.3.1. Study of International Regimes
- 1.3.2. Schools of Thought in the Study of International Regimes
- 1.3.3. Theoretical Approach of the Research
- 1.4. Main Arguments of the Research
- 1.5. Methodological Framework
- 1.6. Contribution to the Literature and Significance
- 1.7. Structure of the Research
- Chapter 2: Emergence of the Arctic Regime Complex
- 2.1. General Outlook of the Arctic Region
- 2.2. Historical Background of Arctic Politics
- 2.3. Arctic Region during the Cold War
- 2.3.1. Military and Security Related Concerns
- 2.3.2. Economic Opportunities and Environmental Awareness
- 2.3.3. Murmansk Moment in Arctic Politics
- 2.3.4. Context of Interaction during the Cold War
- 2.4. Formation of the Arctic Regime Complex
- 2.4.1. Proliferation of Arctic Cooperative Ventures
- 2.4.2. Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy
- 2.4.3. Evolvement of AEPS Process towards Arctic Council
- 2.4.4. Negotiation Process towards the Arctic Council
- 2.4.5. Arctic Council: A New Forum for Arctic Cooperation
- 2.4.6. Initial Years of the Arctic Council: Transition Period
- 2.5. Arctic Cooperation and International Legal Insturments
- 2.6. Significance of the UNCLOS for the Arctic Ocean
- 2.7. Assessment of the Formation Period for Arctic Regime Complex
- Chapter 3: Expansion of the Arctic Regime Complex
- 3.1. Extended Knowledge Related to Arctic Region
- 3.1.1. Impact of Global Warming on Arctic Region
- 3.1.2. Potential of Oil and Gas Reserves in the Arctic Region
- 3.1.3. Promise of Shipping Routes of the Arctic Ocean
- 3.1.4. Living Resources, Forestry, Agriculture and Tourism
- 3.1.5. Biodiversity Concerns in the Arctic Region
- 3.2. Drawbacks and Evolution of Arctic Politics
- 3.2.1. Russian Flag Plantation Incident
- 3.2.2. Revival of Military Activities in the Arctic Region
- 3.2.3. Law of the Sea Issues in the Arctic Ocean
- 3.2.4. Arctic Ocean Conference and Ilulissat Declaration
- 3.2.5. Barents Sea Treaty
- 3.3. Repercussions over the Arctic Regime Complex
- 3.3.1. Reflections of Ilulissat Declaration over the AC
- 3.3.2. Debates around a New Comprehensive Arctic Treaty
- 3.4. Expansion and Strengthening of the AC
- 3.4.1. Task Forces and Operationalization of AC Activities
- 3.4.2. Arctic Council Secretariat as a Permanent Body
- 3.4.3. Admission of New Observers into the AC
- 3.4.4. International Agreements under the AC Auspices
- 3.4.5. New Cooperative Ventures and Initiatives
- 3.4.6. Cooperation Concerning IMO’s Polar Code
- 3.5. Assessment of the Expansion Period for Arctic Regime Complex
- Chapter 4: Current Challenges and Opportunities of the Arctic Regime Complex
- 4.1. Arctic Region and Economic Potential during the 2010s
- 4.2. Spill-Over Effects of Crimea Annexation to Arctic Cooperation
- 4.3. Ongoing Efforts for Extending Arctic Cooperation
- 4.3.1. Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries Agreement
- 4.3.2. Ministerial Meetings and New Initiatives of the AC
- 4.3.3. Strategic Plan of the AC for 2030
- 4.4. Intensifying Great Power Politics in the Arctic Region
- 4.4.1. Russian Position in the Arctic Region
- 4.4.2. Chinese Involvement into the Arctic Affairs
- 4.4.3. United States Changing Approach to Arctic Affairs
- 4.4.4. Heightened Re-Militarization of the Arctic Region
- 4.4.5. Implications of Great Power Politics Concerns
- 4.5. Ukraine War and Its Impacts on Arctic Regime Complex
- 4.5.1. Impacts on Arctic Regime Components
- 4.5.2. Repercussions on Arctic Security Constellation
- 4.5.3. Reflections on the Arctic Economic Cooperation
- 4.6. Assessment of the Current Situation for Arctic Regime Complex
- Chapter 5: Conclusion
- References
- Academic Works
- Official Documents & Reports
- Treaties & Conventions & Agreements
- Index
List of Abbreviations
AAC |
Arctic Athabaskan Council |
ABA |
Arctic Biodiversity Assessment |
ABT |
Arctic Biodiversity Trends |
AC |
Arctic Council |
ACAP |
Arctic Contaminants Action Program |
ACS |
Arctic Council Secretariat |
ACIA |
Arctic Climate Impact Assessment |
ACGF |
Arctic Coast Guard Forum |
ACSP |
Arctic Council Strategic Plan |
ACWG |
Arctic Council Working Group |
AEC |
Arctic Economic Council |
AEPS |
Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy |
AIA |
Aleut International Association |
AMAP |
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program |
AMSA |
Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment |
AMSP |
Arctic Marine Strategic Plan |
ASFR |
Arctic Security Forces Roundtable |
A5 |
Arctic Five (Arctic Coastal States) |
A8 |
Arctic Eight (Arctic States) |
BBNJ |
Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction |
BEAC |
Barents-Euro Arctic Council |
BRI |
Belt and Road Initiative |
CAFF |
Conservation of Arctic Fauna and Flora |
CAO |
Central Arctic Ocean |
CAOFA |
Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries Agreement |
CHOD |
Arctic Chief of Defense Staff Conference |
CLCS |
Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf |
CLRTAP |
Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution |
CPAR |
Conference of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region |
CW |
Cold War |
DOALOS |
Division of Ocean Affairs and Law of the Sea |
EBM |
Ecosystem Based Management |
EEZ |
Exclusive Economic Zone |
EU |
European Union |
EPRR |
Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response |
EGBCM |
Expert Group on Black Carbon and Methane |
GCI |
Gwich’in Council International |
GIUK |
Greenland Iceland United Kingdom |
IASC |
International Arctic Science Committee |
ICC |
Inuit Circumpolar Council |
ICJ |
International Court of Justice |
IPCC |
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
IPY |
International Polar Year |
IR |
International Relations |
IMO |
International Maritime Organization |
INSROP |
International Northern Sea Route Program |
IUCN |
International Union for Conservation of Nature |
LNG |
Liqufied Natural Gas |
NASA |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
NATO |
North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
NC |
Nordic Council |
NGO |
Non-Governmental Organization |
NF |
Northern Forum |
NSIDC |
National Snow and Ice Data Center |
NWP |
Northwest Passage |
NSR |
Northern Sea Route |
MARPOL |
Int. Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships |
MOSPA |
Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response Agreement |
UArctic |
University of Arctic |
UK |
United Kingdom |
US/USA |
United States of America |
USSR |
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
USGS |
United States Geological Survey |
UN |
United Nations |
UNEP |
United Nations Environment Program |
UNCLOS |
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea |
PAME |
Protection of Arctic Marine Environment |
POP |
Persistent Organic Pollutant |
RAIPON |
Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North |
SAO |
Senior Arctic Official |
SAR |
Search and Rescue |
SCPAR |
Standing Committee of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region |
SCTF |
Task Force on Enhancing Scientific Cooperation in the Arctic |
SDP |
Sustainable Development Program |
SDWG |
Sustainable Development Working Group |
SOLAS |
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea |
STCW |
Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping |
SWIPA |
Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic |
TF |
Task Force |
TFAMC |
Task Force on Arctic Marine Cooperation |
TFII |
Task Force on Institutional Issues |
TFMOPPR |
Task Force on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response |
TFSR |
Task Force on Search and Rescue |
WMO |
World Meteorological Organization |
WWF |
World Wide Fund |
Chapter 1: Introduction
It is now beyond question that Arctic Region is experiencing an unprecedented and radical transformation. Due to the impacts of global warming, physical, climatic, and environmental conditions of the Arctic Region are rapidly changing. According to the recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Report, the Arctic is the fastest-warming region on the Earth; temperatures are increasing at a rate two to three times higher than the rest of the planet. More precisely, the IPCC Sixth Assessment report underlines that;
the Arctic has warmed at more than twice the global rate over the past 50 years and it is virtually certain that surface warming in the Arctic will continue to be more pronounced than the global average warming over the 21st century. (IPCC, 2022)
Details
- Pages
- 290
- ISBN (PDF)
- 9783631923153
- ISBN (ePUB)
- 9783631923160
- ISBN (Hardcover)
- 9783631920336
- DOI
- 10.3726/b22082
- Language
- English
- Publication date
- 2024 (August)
- Keywords
- Arctic Politics Arctic International Relations Arctic Security Arctic Council Arctic Governance Arctic Regime Arctic Shipping Routes
- Published
- Berlin, Bruxelles, Chennai, Lausanne, New York, Oxford, 2024. 290 pp., 1 fig. b/w, 11 tables.
- Product Safety
- Peter Lang Group AG