From Orientalism to Cultural Capital
The Myth of Russia in British Literature of the 1920s
Olga Soboleva and Angus Wrenn
From Orientalism to Cultural Capital presents a fascinating account of the wave of Russophilia that pervaded British literary culture in the early twentieth century. The authors bring a new approach to the study of this period, exploring the literary phenomenon through two theoretical models from the social sciences: Orientalism and the notion of «cultural capital» associated with Pierre Bourdieu. Examining the responses of leading literary practitioners who had a significant impact on the institutional transmission of Russian culture, they reassess the mechanics of cultural dialogism, mediation and exchange, casting new light on British perceptions of modernism as a transcultural artistic movement and the ways in which the literary interaction with the myth of Russia shaped and intensified these cultural views.
Index
1917 Club 13, 14, 221, 250, 269
Adams, Maude 156
aesthetics 4, 6, 40, 59–60, 62–3, 67, 76–8, 84, 86, 91–3, 98–9, 115, 160, 185, 214, 256–7, 310
Aksakov, Ivan and Konstantin 197
Alain-Fournier 272, 276–7, 282, 287
Alhambra Theatre 143, 160, 163
Ambassadors Theatre 250
Amphiteatrov, Alexander 192
Andreev, Leonid 46, 47, 119, 202–3, 205, 313, 328
Anglo–Russian relations 42, 47–8, 75, 236
Asquith, Cynthia 144–5, 151–2, 154, 193–4, 220, 311
Astafieva, Serafima 281–4, 287–8
Bakst, Leon x, 17, 57, 146, 148, 170, 214
Ballets Russes 3, 13, 63, 148–9, 159–60, 167, 174, 176–9, 188, 214–15, 256, 281, 287–8, 301, 303, 317, 325
Boutique fantasque, La 159, 160, 178, 316
Carnival 157
Cleopatra 160
Good-Humoured Ladies, The 160, 178
Jeux 167
Oiseau de feu, L’ 157
Polovtsian Dances 148
Rite of Spring, The 214
Soleil de nuit, Le 160
Tricorne, Le 178
Balmont, Konstantin 44
Baring, Maurice 33, 47–8, 50, 56, 103, 121–2, 124–5, 127, 129, 160, 311, 314
Landmarks in Russian Literature 47–8, 56, 124, 128, 311
Mainsprings of Russia, The 33, 47, 56, 311
Russian People, The 47, 49, 51, 26, 60, 124, 128, 140, 303, 311
With the Russians in Manchuria 124
Barrie, J. M., 5, 6, 11, 14, 63, 143–6, 148, 150–7, 161–9, 171, 174, 175–6, 179–84, 186, 311, 313, 315, 318, 321–2, 326
Admirable Crichton, The 6
Alice-Sit-By-The-Fire 180
Farewell Miss Julie Logan 11
Half an Hour 161
Jane Annie or the Good Conduct 153
Little Minister, The 11
Mary Rose 164
Punch
Toy Tragedy, A 181
Slice of Life, A 181
Truth about the Russian Dancers, The 11, 144–5, 147, 151–2, 161, 163, 165, 168–70, 175, 179, 182, 313–14, 319
Twelve-Pound Look, The 6
Bax, Arnold 145, 148, 174–6, 316
Beasley, Rebecca 4, 102, 155, 311, 325
Bell, Clive 43
Beller, Manfred 2, 3, 18, 312, 320
Bennett, Arnold 4, 45, 65, 86, 96, 155, 251
Bloomsbury group 6, 14, 162, 186, 193, 242, 250
Bolsheviks 36, 51, 104–7, 121, 131–3, 135–7, 154, 220, 222, 224, 226, 250, 303–4, 317, 327
Bolshevism 105–6, 108, 219, 222–3, 234, 299–300, 303, 314
Bourdieu, Pierre ix, 1–2, 6, 12, 18, 58, 63–4, 312
Brest-Litovsk treaty 36, 51, 149–50, 154
Brewer, Dorothy 3
Brodsky, Josef 54
Browning, Robert 29–30, 46, 313
Bruce, Henry James 143, 164, 171, 313
Bullock, Philip Ross, Professor xiii, 4, 102, 155, 311, 325
Bunin, Ivan 47, 107–8, 135, 156, 194, 201–6, 313, 318
Gentleman from San Francisco, The 194, 201–5, 313
Burns, Robert 13
canon (cultural) 6, 23, 35, 55, 63–4, 67, 72, 227, 272
canonicity 64
Chaikovsky, Nikolai 40, 41, 116
Chaliapin, Fedor 102, 135–6, 152
Chambers (Wood), Jessie 190–1, 195–6, 313
Chekhov, Anton 13, 41, 44–6, 67, 68, 70, 72, 118–19, 196, 243, 245, 249, 256–8, 260–3, 269, 305, 313
Cherry Orchard, The 262
Christianity 125, 128, 207, 210, 227, 230, 271, 281, 288, 298, 305–6, 308–9
Chukovsky, Kornei 103, 122, 314
Churchill, Winston 19, 44, 101, 105–6, 167, 314
Civil War (Russian) 104, 131, 133, 178, 300, 303
Cohen, Selma Jeanne 145, 162, 164, 167–8, 174, 311, 314
communism 104, 108–9, 139, 220, 299, 300
Conrad, Joseph 8, 48, 82, 90, 92, 190, 292, 314
constructivist perspective 2–3, 18–19
Crimean War 11–12, 36, 301, 303
crisis of consciousness 57–8, 63, 189
Criterion, The 6, 271, 285, 288, 289, 293–4, 295–6, 305, 308–9, 314–16, 319, 326
Cross, Anthony 4, 22, 26, 35–6, 60, 271, 314, 325–6
cultural asset(s) 63
cultural capital ix, xi, 2, 6, 13, 18, 63–4, 253, 269, 272, 308–09, 318
cultural elite 1–2, 4, 134–5, 139, 197, 226
Dance Perspectives 144–5, 179, 311, 313–14, 319
Dawson Scott, Amy 156
Delauney, Robert 160
Diaghilev, Sergei 3, 13, 17, 43, 57, 63, 112–13, 144–5, 148–51, 156–61, 163–5, 167–8, 174–80, 182, 187–8, 214, 288, 293, 301, 303, 313, 316–17, 320–1, 325
Dial 202
Dickens, Charles 73–4, 81, 87–8, 253–54
Dillon, Emile 32, 51–2, 273, 315
Dostoevsky, Fedor 3, 13, 41, 44–6, 53–6, 67, 70–2, 80, 84, 97–8, 113, 128, 155, 194–7, 199, 206–8, 227–30, 233, 238–9, 243–4, 246, 248–9, 253–4, 256–7, 262–4, 271–9, 287–91, 293–4, 303–9, 315, 318–19, 324
Brothers Karamazov, The 44–5, 53, 70–1, 194, 230, 272, 277, 287, 294, 304, 308
Crime and Punishment 45, 195, 208, 230, 239, 248, 271–3, 275, 277, 279, 282, 284, 287, 291, 305, 307–08, 315, 324
Demons 227
Gambler, The 248
Grand Inquisitor, The 113, 194–5, 203, 233–4, 320
House of the Dead, The 45, 308
Idiot, The 56, 70, 248, 253, 264, 272, 287
Insulted and the Injured, The 248
Uncle’s Dream, An 278
Doyle, Arthur Conan 17, 153, 155, 314
Durkheim, Emile 273
theatre 180
Elder, David and Edith 37, 45, 132, 309, 327
Elgar, Edward 116
Eliot, T. S., 6, 14, 63, 79, 113, 208, 271–89, 291–309, 312–13, 315–16, 318, 323
Cocktail Party, The 305, 307, 315
Confidential Clerk, The 305
Elder Statesman, The 305
Family Reunion, The 305–7, 315
Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, The 272, 274–5, 282, 284, 291, 309, 316
Murder In the Cathedral 305
‘On the Eve’, 297–9, 301–4, 306, 308, 316
‘Sweeney among the Nightingales’, 283
Waste Land, The 259, 272, 279, 284–6, 288, 292, 295, 298, 305, 316
Whispers of Immortality 279, 283–5, 287
essentialist perspective 208, 233
Fabian Society 116–18, 121, 127, 131, 323
Ford Madox Ford 81–2, 115–16, 155, 192, 316
Forster, E. M., 88, 250, 300, 316
Fry, Roger 43, 160, 260, 316, 323
Galsworthy, John 4, 6, 63, 65–77, 79–87, 89–99, 102, 114, 155–6, 190, 310, 313, 315–17, 321
Castles in Spain and other Screeds 72, 86, 317
‘Englishman and Russian’, 65, 69, 310, 316
Forsyte Saga, The 74, 76, 95, 316–17
‘Four Novelists in Profile’, 67, 70, 316
From the Four Winds 81
Glimpses and Reflections 82, 316
Inn of Tranquillity, The 70, 86, 316–17
‘Introduction to Bleak House’, 73
Island Pharisees, The 75, 85, 89, 91–2, 316
Man of Property, The 66
‘Note on Edward Garnett, A’ 69–70, 72–3, 317
‘Russia-America’ 68
Salvation of Swithin Forsyte, The 83
Silver Box, The 66
‘Six Novelists in Profile’ 69, 72–4, 76, 81, 86, 93–4, 96, 310, 317
‘Twelve Books – and Why?’ 65, 317
‘Vague Thoughts on Art’ 69–70, 73, 317
Garafola, Lynn 3, 17, 167, 178, 317
Garnett, Constance 41, 44–6, 50–1, 53–4, 70–2, 89, 93, 95, 115, 188–90, 192, 249, 254, 273, 277–8, 294, 297, 315, 317, 322, 326
Garnett, David 188–90, 242, 243, 270, 265, 317
Garnett, Edward 50–1, 53, 69–73, 81–2, 115, 188–90, 196, 294, 296, 308, 316–17, 319, 327
Garnett, Olive 115
Gertler, Mark 244
Gettmann, Royal 3, 84–6, 97, 98, 317
Gissing, George 34, 98, 111, 327
Gogol, Nikolai 41, 45–6, 48, 51, 56, 119
Gorky, Maxim 13, 46, 102–3, 118–22, 132, 134–6, 191–2, 194, 196, 201, 315, 317, 328
Foma Gordeev 120
Lower Depths, The 120
Song of the Stormy Petrel, The 120
Graham, Stephen 45, 47–9, 103, 116, 318, 322
Granville-Barker, Harley 180, 181
Great Eastern Crisis, the 33, 36, 37
Great Orient 33
Haigh Wood, Vivien 277
Hardy, Thomas 41, 79, 80, 114, 116, 155, 318
Harper’s Magazine 243, 248, 264
Haymarket Theatre 161
Herzen, Alexander ix, 197, 227
Hesse, Hermann 289–92, 294, 304, 318
Hogarth Press 43, 62, 97, 193, 202–3, 246, 255, 259, 279, 313, 318, 327–8
Horsey, Jerome, Sir 22
Identity 2, 8, 10, 11, 38, 53, 56, 74, 140, 141, 167, 199, 207, 210, 218, 223, 241–2, 246, 248, 275, 309, 326
constructed 2, 3–4, 19, 53, 55, 62, 64
‘auto-image’ 62
‘hetero-image 62
inseparability and distinctness 200, 216, 218
intellectual elite 118, 120, 127
see also cultural elite
intellectual expert(s) 120, 127, 133
intelligentsia 17, 127, 129, 135, 141, 226, 228, 230
intercultural 18, 135, 140, 200, 208, 211–12, 216–17
James, Henry 38–9, 81, 87–8, 116, 143, 155, 164, 171, 243, 248, 271, 281, 295, 309, 312, 319
Jones, Henry Arthur 105, 133, 135
Jones, Susan 112–13, 167, 214, 287, 319
Joyce, James 79, 262, 268, 319
Karlinsky, Simon 47, 176, 313, 319
Karsavina, Tamara vii, viii, 143–8, 152, 157–8, 164–5, 169, 171–2, 174–5, 179–80, 319
Kaye, Peter 3, 70, 84, 190, 195, 230, 319
Keynes, John Maynard, Lord (Baron of Tilton) 156, 162
Keynes, Lady see Lopokova, Lydia
Keynes, Milo 158–9, 161–2, 312, 316, 319, 321
Kipling, Rudyard 5, 8–9, 31–2, 66, 96, 313, 319
Koteliansky, Samuel 113, 136, 187, 193–5, 198, 200–3, 205, 208, 219–23, 225, 244, 301, 315
Krivokapich, Militsa 104, 125–6, 133, 135, 138, 319
Kropotkin, Alexandra, Princess 68
Kropotkin, Peter, Prince 40–2, 68, 115, 156, 319
Kuprin, Alexander 44, 67, 194, 196
Larionov, Mikhail 43
Lawrence, D. H. vi, xiii, 46, 14, 45, 52, 63, 71–2, 82, 187–203, 205–17, 219–36, 284, 309, 312–13, 318, 320, 322–5, 328
Apocalypse and the Writings on Revelation 233–4, 320
Collier’s Friday Night, A 191, 320
Fanny and Annie 230
‘Fate and the Younger Generation’ 228
‘Hibiscus and Salvia Flowers’ 224
Lady Chatterley’s Lover 224, 320
‘Morality and the Novel’ 201
Movements in European History 213, 222, 234, 320
Plumed Serpent, The 230
Rainbow, The 212, 214–16, 219, 320, 324–5
Sea and Sardinia 201, 222, 320
Studies in Classic American Literature 200–1, 320
Trespasser, The 190
‘When Wilt Thou Teach the People?’ 232
Woman Who Rode Away and Other Stories, The 230
Women in Love 187–9, 208–9, 212–14, 320
Leerssen, Joseph (‘Joep’) Theodoor 2–3, 34, 62, 312, 320
Lenin, Vladimir vii, 102, 106, 131, 135–9, 226, 230, 232–4
liminality (ethnic/cultural) 200, 209, 212, 218, 235
Litvinov, Ivan 132, 192–3, 220
Llewelyn Davies, George 14, 151
Llewelyn Davies, Michael 14, 151
Llewelyn Davies, Peter 151–3, 311
Lopokova, Lydia 11, 156, 158–9, 161–2, 312, 316, 319, 321
Lopukhova, Lydia see Lopokova, Lydia
Low (Litvinov), Ivy 132, 192, 220
Lunacharsky, Anatolii 131, 321
Lytton, Edward Bulwer 28–9, 248, 321
MacDonald, Ramsay 13, 250, 304
Mackail, Denis 42, 144, 169, 321
Maeterlinck, Maurice 181
Mansfield, Katherine 4, 113, 196, 284, 327
Marxism 226
Massine, Leonide 159–60, 178, 287–8
Maude, Louise and Aylmer 45, 76, 110–11, 249, 326
Maugham, Somerset 17, 67–8, 114, 322
Maupassant, Guy de 82, 84, 259
Merezhkovsky, Dmitrii 107, 135, 189, 322
Miliukov, Nikolai 106
Mirsky, Dmitrii (Prince) 15, 114
modernism 3–4, 6, 7, 57–8, 63, 102, 112–13, 155, 167, 176, 182, 212, 259, 287, 311–12, 319, 325, 327
Morrell, Ottoline 186, 188, 213
Murry, John Middleton 44, 113, 135, 250
myth of Russia xi, 1–3, 7, 13, 15, 18–19, 21, 35, 53, 58, 64, 67, 99, 104, 145, 169, 269, 309
see also Russian, myth
Nabokov, Vladimir Dmitrievich 124, 129
Nabokov, Vladimir Vladimirovich 54, 277, 322
Nash, Paul viii, 146, 169–72, 181, 318, 323, 328
New Drama 180
New Economic Policy 131
Nietzsche, Friedrich 77, 80, 120, 189, 230, 324
Nijinsky, Vaslav x, 43, 57, 148–9, 157–8, 176, 188, 288
‘objective correlative’ 63, 189, 236
objet discursif 53
October Revolution see Russian Revolution, Bolshevik
Orient, the 19–20, 24, 33, 178, 291
Orientalism ix, xi, 1, 8, 19, 21, 24, 34, 52, 64, 324
Orientalistic 2, 20–3, 34, 52, 57, 61
otherness (cultural) 11, 19, 177, 185–7, 189, 200, 212–13, 215, 217, 219
paganism 204–7, 210, 213–14, 219, 229
Pavlova, Anna 188
Peter the Great 22, 25–6, 56, 197, 315
Phelps, Gilbert 3, 45, 83–4, 89, 111, 323
post-impressionism 43, 160, 167
Pound, Ezra 6, 79, 82, 152, 160, 191, 278–9, 281–2, 285–8, 311, 323
Provisional Government, the 13, 106, 130, 250
Pushkin, Alexander 13, 91, 131, 213, 249
rationalism 58, 78, 185, 189, 212, 217
reception x, xi, 1–3, 6–7, 18, 22, 24, 39, 55, 64, 66, 81, 85, 102, 112, 119, 150, 227, 307, 314, 323
Rhymers’ Club 78
Rozanov, Vasilii 194, 199, 205–7, 320, 328
Rubenstein, Roberta 4, 262, 263, 323
Russell, Bertrand 220
Russian
ballets see Ballets Russes
irrationality 61
myth 1–2, 18–19, 64, 67, 99, 104, 145, 169, 309
paradigm 7, 61, 63, 77, 99–200
soul 44, 50, 60, 120, 128, 198, 310, 313, 325
theme 35–6, 57, 68, 103, 154, 174–5, 178, 198, 205, 208, 226, 315
tradition 59, 63, 72, 168, 177, 185
viewpoint 58, 80, 98, 141, 310
Russian Revolution, the 1905 12, 47, 103, 108, 221, 228, 233, 302, 311
Bolshevik 14, 51, 103, 105, 109–10, 130, 220
‘Russianitis’ see Lawrence, D. H. 207, 227
Russo–Japanese War 42, 47, 124
Russomania see Russophilia
Russophilia 12–14, 52, 57, 155, 248, 253, 256, 293, 309
Sackville West, Vita 268
Said, Edward ix, 1–2, 8–9, 13, 19–21, 23–4, 29, 34–5, 52, 289, 324
Samurai order 118, 120, 127, 129, 133, 139
Savoy Theatre 147, 153, 167, 324
Scott, Peter 164
Scott, Robert, Captain 164
Shakespeare, William 22, 24–5, 39, 72, 96, 110, 245–7, 249–50, 253, 281, 293, 313, 322, 324
King Henry V 24
Macbeth 24
Shaw, George Bernard 5–6, 15, 114, 116–17, 130–1, 151, 153, 155, 181, 269, 301, 318, 323
Shestov, Lev 63, 80, 189, 198–9, 200, 219, 235, 320, 324
All Things Are Possible 194, 198–202, 219, 235, 320, 324
Sidney, Philip, Sir 25, 109, 131–2, 324
Sitwell, Edith 300
Sitwell, Osbert, Sir 43, 113, 325
Slavophile(s) 197, 199, 249, 262, 304
versus Westernisers 197
Slavs 33, 51, 213, 215, 217, 219, 255–6, 296
social modeller(s) 139
Society drama 180
Society of Friends of Russian Freedom 13, 41, 116, 156
Sologub, Fedor 44
Solov’ev, Vladimir 189
Soskice, David 192
Stalin, Joseph 102
Steele, Richard 26
Stepniak (Kravchinsky), Sergei (‘Sergius’) 38, 40, 115, 156, 192
Stevenson, Robert Louis 11, 189
Strachey, Oliver 221
Stravinsky, Igor x, 44, 112, 157, 159, 175–6, 293
Superman (Ubermensch) 120, 181
Swinburne, Algernon Charles 30–1, 325
Swinnerton, Frank Arthur 85–6, 108–9, 121, 325
Tolstoy, Leo (Lev) 3, 13, 38–42, 45–6, 54, 56, 67, 70–6, 80, 84, 93, 97, 110–11, 113–15, 119, 128, 155, 191, 195–6, 199, 207, 227, 238, 243, 249–50, 254, 257, 262–4, 283, 301, 308, 316, 319, 323–5, 327
Anna Karenina 65, 71, 73, 113, 191, 193, 195, 207, 243, 250, 263, 283, 325
Childhood and Youth 39–40, 313–14, 325
Kingdom of God is within You, The 71
Resurrection 75, 114–15, 196, 207, 227, 327
Two Hussars 75
War and Peace 39, 65, 72, 74–6, 113, 155, 195, 227, 253–4, 264, 296, 326
‘What is Art?’ 73
Turgenev, Ivan 13, 40–1, 46, 72, 77, 81–2, 86, 93–5, 97, 111, 154, 190, 196–7, 294, 304, 307–8, 297, 317, 326
Diary of a Superfluous Man 227
Fathers and Sons 87, 89–90, 190
First Love, The 83
Hamlet and Don Quixote 89
On the Eve 82, 89–91, 93–4, 294, 296–7, 317, 326
Torrents of Spring 83
Tyrkov, Arkadii 129
Tyrkova-Williams, Ariadna 108, 109, 123, 129, 326
Victorian(s) 29, 46, 62, 160, 254, 260, 322, 326
Volkhovsky, Felix 40–2, 53, 115, 116, 192
Walkley, A. B. 147
Wallace, Donald Mackenzie, Sir 32, 103, 326
Wallas, Graham 116
Webb, Sidney and Beatrice 109, 117, 131–2, 137, 303, 327
Weekley, Frieda 190
Wells, George Philip (‘Gip’) 103, 129
Wells, H. G. v, vii, xiii, 4, 6, 66, 86, 96, 101–141, 154–5, 229, 242, 250–69, 309–14, 318–22, 323–7
Experiment in Autobiography 113, 327
Faults of the Fabian 116
Joan and Peter 102, 123, 126–8, 327
‘Liberalism and the Revolutionary Spirit’ 139, 327
Modern Utopia, A 118, 120, 133, 327
New Machiavelli, The 117–18, 327
Outline of History, The 103, 109–10, 327
‘Russia and England’ 19, 122–3, 156–7, 327
Russia in the Shadows 103–5, 107, 110, 126, 133, 134, 137–8, 140–1, 327
Time Machine, The 101
West, Rebecca 46, 113, 126, 242
Western imagination 53
Williams, Harold 47, 103, 108, 311
Woolf, Leonard 14, 43, 202–3, 221, 237–8, 242, 327
Woolf, Virginia viii, 4, 6, 13–15, 60–2, 86, 96–7, 162, 193, 238–9, 245–6, 249, 251, 254, 260–2, 264, 268–270, 276, 278, 283, 308, 327, 328
Between the Acts 269
Jacob’s Room 13, 255, 259–60, 262, 267, 328
‘Lappin and Lapinova’ vi, 237–9, 241–6, 250, 255, 257, 259, 264–6, 324
‘Modern Fiction’ 60–1, 97, 255, 257, 260–2, 328
Mr Bennett and Mrs Brown 62, 86, 97, 328
Mrs Dalloway 237, 243, 255, 262, 267
Night And Day 12, 253–4, 260, 263, 328
Orlando viii, 14, 246, 250, 255, 266–8, 270, 276, 293, 328
‘Russian Point of View, The’ 97, 243–4, 246, 253–4, 256, 328
To The Lighthouse 255, 262–4, 267, 328
Voyage Out, The 237, 243, 251, 254, 260, 263–4, 328
‘Uncle Vanya’, 257, 261–2, 328
World War I 1, 18, 20, 36, 49, 51, 79, 135, 148–9, 154–5, 170, 185, 188, 244, 256, 260, 277, 285, 291, 299, 303–4
pre- 1, 18, 36, 42, 122, 148, 187
Yellow Book, The 78