Electronic Signatures in International Contracts
Series:
Carolina Monica Laborde
Table of Contents
Extract
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... 17 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 19 Part I: Electronic signatures, from technology to law ................................... 21 Chapter 1: Signatures ....................................................................................... 21 A. The electronic environment ......................................................................... 21 I. Identity of the person ............................................................................ 21 II. Integrity of the document ...................................................................... 23 III. Confidentiality of communications ....................................................... 24 B. Electronic signatures .................................................................................... 25 I. Signatures .............................................................................................. 26 1. Concept of signature ....................................................................... 26 2. Functions of signatures ................................................................... 27 3. Terminology .................................................................................... 30 II. Electronic signature techniques ............................................................ 31 III. Digital signatures .................................................................................. 33 1. Cryptography .................................................................................. 33 a) Symmetric cryptography ........................................................... 34 b) Asymmetric or public key cryptography .................................. 35 2. Cryptography applied to digital signatures ..................................... 36 3. Functioning of digital signatures .................................................... 38 a) Creation of the digital signature ............................................... 38 b) Verification of the digital signature .......................................... 39 4. Public Key Infrastructure ................................................................ 40 5. Strengths and weaknesses of digital signatures .............................. 42 C. Conclusions ................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 2: The legal approach to electronic signatures ................................ 47 A. The legal question ......................................................................................... 47 I. The need to regulate .............................................................................. 47 II. The goal of legal regulation .................................................................. 48 B. The different legal approaches .................................................................... 50 I. The digital signature, mandatory or prescriptive approach .................. 51 II. The minimalist or enabling approach ................................................... 51 III. The hybrid or two-tier approach ........................................................... 52 C. Technology neutrality in electronic signature statutes ............................. 53 D. Conclusions ................................................................................................... 55 10 Table of Contents Part II: Electronic signature legislation .......................................................... 57 Chapter 3: The United States of America ....................................................... 57 A. UETA and E-Sign ......................................................................................... 57 B. Validity of electronic signatures .................................................................. 60 I. Recognition of electronic signatures ..................................................... 60 II. Concept of electronic signature............................................................. 61 III. Exclusion of electronic signatures ........................................................ 62 1. UETA .............................................................................................. 63 2. E-Sign .............................................................................................. 63 C. Conclusions ................................................................................................... 64 Chapter 4:...
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