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Electronic Signatures in International Contracts
Series:
Carolina Monica Laborde
Electronic signature legislation seeks to facilitate e-commerce by providing an electronic equivalent to handwritten signatures in paper-based contracts. However, electronic signature legislation enacted in the past years in different jurisdictions has followed a dissimilar approach. In light thereof, this book analyzes the legal validity of electronic signatures in international contracts potentially subject to divergent electronic signature regulation. To this end, four major issues are addressed: the technological and legal concept of electronic signatures; the legal regulation of electronic signatures; the determination of the electronic signature legislation that will be applicable to an international contract; and, finally, the implications of applying one electronic signature law or another. The research covers the laws of Argentina, Germany and the United States of America as well as international conventions.
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Table of Contents
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Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... 17 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 19 Part I: Electronic signatures, from technology to law ................................... 21 Chapter 1: Signatures ....................................................................................... 21 A. The electronic environment ......................................................................... 21 I. Identity of the person ............................................................................ 21 II. Integrity of the document ...................................................................... 23 III. Confidentiality of communications ....................................................... 24 B. Electronic signatures .................................................................................... 25 I. Signatures .............................................................................................. 26 1. Concept of signature ....................................................................... 26 2. Functions of signatures ................................................................... 27 3. Terminology .................................................................................... 30 II. Electronic signature techniques ............................................................ 31 III. Digital signatures .................................................................................. 33 1. Cryptography .................................................................................. 33 a) Symmetric cryptography ........................................................... 34 b) Asymmetric or public key cryptography .................................. 35 2. Cryptography applied to digital signatures ..................................... 36 3. Functioning of digital signatures .................................................... 38 a) Creation of the digital signature ............................................... 38 b) Verification of the digital signature .......................................... 39 4. Public Key Infrastructure ................................................................ 40 5. Strengths and weaknesses of digital signatures .............................. 42 C. Conclusions ................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 2: The legal approach to electronic signatures ................................ 47 A. The legal question ......................................................................................... 47 I. The need to regulate .............................................................................. 47 II. The goal of legal regulation .................................................................. 48 B. The different legal approaches .................................................................... 50 I. The digital signature, mandatory or prescriptive approach .................. 51 II. The minimalist or enabling approach ................................................... 51 III. The hybrid or two-tier approach ........................................................... 52 C. Technology neutrality in electronic signature statutes ............................. 53 D. Conclusions ................................................................................................... 55 10 Table of Contents Part II: Electronic signature legislation .......................................................... 57 Chapter 3: The United States of America ....................................................... 57 A. UETA and E-Sign ......................................................................................... 57 B. Validity of electronic signatures .................................................................. 60 I. Recognition of electronic signatures ..................................................... 60 II. Concept of electronic signature............................................................. 61 III. Exclusion of electronic signatures ........................................................ 62 1. UETA .............................................................................................. 63 2. E-Sign .............................................................................................. 63 C. Conclusions ................................................................................................... 64 Chapter 4:...
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