Extract

In general, studies on bilingualism and CS deal with the description and analysis of CS from two different perspectives. Various studies show that the occurrence of CS is governed by both structural intra-linguistic factors and extra-linguistic factors such as social and situational.

A range of literature on CS focuses on social and pragmatic functions of CS. It has been recognized that a variety of social factors constrain CS, such as setting, topic and degree of competence in both languages. However, the grammatical perspective is primarily concerned with accounting for the linguistic constraints on CS, and for this purpose researchers try to formulate general constraints on CS. In this regard, studies try to describe the nature of bilingual grammar and to find out how two grammatical systems of a bilingual’s two languages interact.

In this chapter and also in chapter 4, both linguistic and extra-linguistic factors of CS will be discussed in detail. First, the focus of the theoretical discussion will be on the more purely linguistic factors. Second, in chapter 4, attention will be paid to the social and functional factors of CS which, by some researchers, are considered as the strongest constraints on the occurrence of CS.