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Code-switching
A Case Study of Kurdish-German Pre-school Bilingual Children
Series:
Baban Mohamed
The state of acquiring more than one language as a child or an adult is not the exception; it is rather an everyday reality for a quite substantial part of today’s society. This book explores the phenomenon of code-switching within the field of child bilingualism from both linguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. Based on collected data from Kurdish-German pre-school bilingual children in Austria, this empirical study aims at giving an analysis of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors that constrain child code-switching. The book shows specific interest in practices of code switching and mixing as displayed by Kurdish subjects of the study and in how far these can be sufficiently explained by existing models of (adult) bilingual language behavior. The results clearly show that code-switching can be related to the identity and characteristics of the speakers or to aspects of their social life, and that it can be subconsciously used to manage conflict when different languages are associated with different roles in a community.
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- ISBN:
- 978-3-653-99293-9
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- Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien, 2014. 141 pp., 2 tables, 6 graphs
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- Cover
- Title
- Copyright
- About the author(s)/editor(s)
- About the book
- This eBook can be cited
- Acknowledgements
- Preface
- Table of contents
- List of tables and figures
- List of abbreviations
- 0.1. Aim of the project
- 0.2. Motives
- 0.3. Approach
- 1.1. Describing the phenomenon of bilingualism
- 1.2.1. Monolingual acquisition
- 1.2.2. Bilingual acquisition
- 1.3.1. Definitions and descriptions
- 1.3.2.1. Balanced bilingualism
- 1.3.2.2. Semilingualism
- 2.1. Defining the term
- 2.2.1. Code mixing
- 2.2.2. Borrowing
- 2.2.3. Interference
- 2.2.4. Transfer
- 2.3. Terminology
- 2.4.1. Types of CS
- 2.4.2. Processes of intrasentnetial CS
- 3.1. Code-switching is not random
- 3.2.1.1. Mahootian (1996)
- 3.2.1.2. Timm (1975)
- 3.2.2.1. The free morpheme constraint
- 3.2.2.2. The equivalence constraint
- 3.3.1.1.1.1. Closed class vs. open class items
- 3.3.1.1.1.2. Constraints on closed class items
- 3.3.1.2. Base language vs. embedded language
- 3.3.2.1. Defining the Matrix Language and the Embedded Language
- 3.3.2.2. Types of constituents of the MLF Model
- 3.3.2.3. Content morphemes vs. system morphemes
- 3.4. Lexical development of bilingual children
- 4.1. Situational vs. metaphorical switching
- 4.2. ‘We code’ vs. ‘they code’ opposition
- 4.3. The Markedness model
- 5.1. Use of the term
- 5.2. Definitions of speech community
- 6.1.1. An asylum community
- 6.1.2. The Kurdish speech community
- 6.2.1.1.1.1. Definition
- 6.2.1.1.1.2. Number
- 6.2.1.1.2.1. Personal pronouns
- 6.2.1.1.3. Nouns with pronominal suffixes
- 6.2.1.1.2. Noun Inflection in German
- 6.2.1.2.1. Verb inflection in Kurdish
- 6.2.1.2.2. Verb inflection in German
- 6.2.2. Negation
- 6.2.3.1. Nominal phrases
- 6.2.3.2.1. Verbal phrases with the Kurdish operator krdn
- 6.2.3.3. Prepositional phrase
- 6.2.4. Clause word order
- 6.2.5.1. Pro-drop / Null-subject parameter
- 6.2.5.2. Case morphology
- 6.2.5.3. Gender distinction
- 7.1. Method of observation
- 7.2. Subjects
- 7.3. Recordings
- 8.1. What is not accounted as CS
- 8.2. The data
- 8.3.1.1. Noun
- 8.3.1.2. Verb
- 8.3.1.3. Adverb
- 8.3.1.4. Preposition
- 8.3.2.1. German noun plus Kurdish suffixes
- 8.3.2.2. Kurdish-German compound verbs
- 8.3.3. Compound verbs in the CS literature
- 8.3.4. What is special about German-Kurdish compound verbs?
- 8.3.5. Summary
- 9.1.1. The free morpheme constraint
- 9.1.2. The equivalence constraint
- 9.2. The closed class constraint
- 9.3.1.1. The frequency counting criterion
- 9.3.1.2. Language proficiency
- 9.3.2. Separating content and system morphemes
- 9.3.3. The Matrix Language hypothesis
- 9.3.4. The dominant-language hypothesis (Petersen 1988)
- 9.3.5. Criterion for identifying the ML in the data
- 9.3.6. Summary of linguistic constraints on Kurdish-German CS
- 10.1. Data classification
- 10.2. CS indexing rejection and anger
- 10.3. Home language
- 10.4. ‘Children code’ versus ‘parents code’
- 10.5. The unmarked codes of home interaction
- 11. Conclusion
- Internet Sources
- 13.1. Appendix 1
- 13.2. Appendix 2
- Cover
- Title
- Copyright
- About the author(s)/editor(s)
- About the book
- This eBook can be cited
- Acknowledgements
- Preface
- Table of contents
- List of tables and figures
- List of abbreviations
- 0.1. Aim of the project
- 0.2. Motives
- 0.3. Approach
- 1.1. Describing the phenomenon of bilingualism
- 1.2.1. Monolingual acquisition
- 1.2.2. Bilingual acquisition
- 1.3.1. Definitions and descriptions
- 1.3.2.1. Balanced bilingualism
- 1.3.2.2. Semilingualism
- 2.1. Defining the term
- 2.2.1. Code mixing
- 2.2.2. Borrowing
- 2.2.3. Interference
- 2.2.4. Transfer
- 2.3. Terminology
- 2.4.1. Types of CS
- 2.4.2. Processes of intrasentnetial CS
- 3.1. Code-switching is not random
- 3.2.1.1. Mahootian (1996)
- 3.2.1.2. Timm (1975)
- 3.2.2.1. The free morpheme constraint
- 3.2.2.2. The equivalence constraint
- 3.3.1.1.1.1. Closed class vs. open class items
- 3.3.1.1.1.2. Constraints on closed class items
- 3.3.1.2. Base language vs. embedded language
- 3.3.2.1. Defining the Matrix Language and the Embedded Language
- 3.3.2.2. Types of constituents of the MLF Model
- 3.3.2.3. Content morphemes vs. system morphemes
- 3.4. Lexical development of bilingual children
- 4.1. Situational vs. metaphorical switching
- 4.2. ‘We code’ vs. ‘they code’ opposition
- 4.3. The Markedness model
- 5.1. Use of the term
- 5.2. Definitions of speech community
- 6.1.1. An asylum community
- 6.1.2. The Kurdish speech community
- 6.2.1.1.1.1. Definition
- 6.2.1.1.1.2. Number
- 6.2.1.1.2.1. Personal pronouns
- 6.2.1.1.3. Nouns with pronominal suffixes
- 6.2.1.1.2. Noun Inflection in German
- 6.2.1.2.1. Verb inflection in Kurdish
- 6.2.1.2.2. Verb inflection in German
- 6.2.2. Negation
- 6.2.3.1. Nominal phrases
- 6.2.3.2.1. Verbal phrases with the Kurdish operator krdn
- 6.2.3.3. Prepositional phrase
- 6.2.4. Clause word order
- 6.2.5.1. Pro-drop / Null-subject parameter
- 6.2.5.2. Case morphology
- 6.2.5.3. Gender distinction
- 7.1. Method of observation
- 7.2. Subjects
- 7.3. Recordings
- 8.1. What is not accounted as CS
- 8.2. The data
- 8.3.1.1. Noun
- 8.3.1.2. Verb
- 8.3.1.3. Adverb
- 8.3.1.4. Preposition
- 8.3.2.1. German noun plus Kurdish suffixes
- 8.3.2.2. Kurdish-German compound verbs
- 8.3.3. Compound verbs in the CS literature
- 8.3.4. What is special about German-Kurdish compound verbs?
- 8.3.5. Summary
- 9.1.1. The free morpheme constraint
- 9.1.2. The equivalence constraint
- 9.2. The closed class constraint
- 9.3.1.1. The frequency counting criterion
- 9.3.1.2. Language proficiency
- 9.3.2. Separating content and system morphemes
- 9.3.3. The Matrix Language hypothesis
- 9.3.4. The dominant-language hypothesis (Petersen 1988)
- 9.3.5. Criterion for identifying the ML in the data
- 9.3.6. Summary of linguistic constraints on Kurdish-German CS
- 10.1. Data classification
- 10.2. CS indexing rejection and anger
- 10.3. Home language
- 10.4. ‘Children code’ versus ‘parents code’
- 10.5. The unmarked codes of home interaction
- 11. Conclusion
- Internet Sources
- 13.1. Appendix 1
- 13.2. Appendix 2
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10. Functional factors on Kurdish-German CS
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Extract
10.1. Data classification
In this section the data will be classified according to the interlocutors and their choice of language. This kind of data-classification will help to analyse the functional factors on the CS data of this study.
In table 2, the data is categorised according to language choice by counting the number of turns of each involved codes, namely Kurdish, German and CS that occurred in the data.
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Or login to access all content.- Cover
- Title
- Copyright
- About the author(s)/editor(s)
- About the book
- This eBook can be cited
- Acknowledgements
- Preface
- Table of contents
- List of tables and figures
- List of abbreviations
- 0.1. Aim of the project
- 0.2. Motives
- 0.3. Approach
- 1.1. Describing the phenomenon of bilingualism
- 1.2.1. Monolingual acquisition
- 1.2.2. Bilingual acquisition
- 1.3.1. Definitions and descriptions
- 1.3.2.1. Balanced bilingualism
- 1.3.2.2. Semilingualism
- 2.1. Defining the term
- 2.2.1. Code mixing
- 2.2.2. Borrowing
- 2.2.3. Interference
- 2.2.4. Transfer
- 2.3. Terminology
- 2.4.1. Types of CS
- 2.4.2. Processes of intrasentnetial CS
- 3.1. Code-switching is not random
- 3.2.1.1. Mahootian (1996)
- 3.2.1.2. Timm (1975)
- 3.2.2.1. The free morpheme constraint
- 3.2.2.2. The equivalence constraint
- 3.3.1.1.1.1. Closed class vs. open class items
- 3.3.1.1.1.2. Constraints on closed class items
- 3.3.1.2. Base language vs. embedded language
- 3.3.2.1. Defining the Matrix Language and the Embedded Language
- 3.3.2.2. Types of constituents of the MLF Model
- 3.3.2.3. Content morphemes vs. system morphemes
- 3.4. Lexical development of bilingual children
- 4.1. Situational vs. metaphorical switching
- 4.2. ‘We code’ vs. ‘they code’ opposition
- 4.3. The Markedness model
- 5.1. Use of the term
- 5.2. Definitions of speech community
- 6.1.1. An asylum community
- 6.1.2. The Kurdish speech community
- 6.2.1.1.1.1. Definition
- 6.2.1.1.1.2. Number
- 6.2.1.1.2.1. Personal pronouns
- 6.2.1.1.3. Nouns with pronominal suffixes
- 6.2.1.1.2. Noun Inflection in German
- 6.2.1.2.1. Verb inflection in Kurdish
- 6.2.1.2.2. Verb inflection in German
- 6.2.2. Negation
- 6.2.3.1. Nominal phrases
- 6.2.3.2.1. Verbal phrases with the Kurdish operator krdn
- 6.2.3.3. Prepositional phrase
- 6.2.4. Clause word order
- 6.2.5.1. Pro-drop / Null-subject parameter
- 6.2.5.2. Case morphology
- 6.2.5.3. Gender distinction
- 7.1. Method of observation
- 7.2. Subjects
- 7.3. Recordings
- 8.1. What is not accounted as CS
- 8.2. The data
- 8.3.1.1. Noun
- 8.3.1.2. Verb
- 8.3.1.3. Adverb
- 8.3.1.4. Preposition
- 8.3.2.1. German noun plus Kurdish suffixes
- 8.3.2.2. Kurdish-German compound verbs
- 8.3.3. Compound verbs in the CS literature
- 8.3.4. What is special about German-Kurdish compound verbs?
- 8.3.5. Summary
- 9.1.1. The free morpheme constraint
- 9.1.2. The equivalence constraint
- 9.2. The closed class constraint
- 9.3.1.1. The frequency counting criterion
- 9.3.1.2. Language proficiency
- 9.3.2. Separating content and system morphemes
- 9.3.3. The Matrix Language hypothesis
- 9.3.4. The dominant-language hypothesis (Petersen 1988)
- 9.3.5. Criterion for identifying the ML in the data
- 9.3.6. Summary of linguistic constraints on Kurdish-German CS
- 10.1. Data classification
- 10.2. CS indexing rejection and anger
- 10.3. Home language
- 10.4. ‘Children code’ versus ‘parents code’
- 10.5. The unmarked codes of home interaction
- 11. Conclusion
- Internet Sources
- 13.1. Appendix 1
- 13.2. Appendix 2
- Cover
- Title
- Copyright
- About the author(s)/editor(s)
- About the book
- This eBook can be cited
- Acknowledgements
- Preface
- Table of contents
- List of tables and figures
- List of abbreviations
- 0.1. Aim of the project
- 0.2. Motives
- 0.3. Approach
- 1.1. Describing the phenomenon of bilingualism
- 1.2.1. Monolingual acquisition
- 1.2.2. Bilingual acquisition
- 1.3.1. Definitions and descriptions
- 1.3.2.1. Balanced bilingualism
- 1.3.2.2. Semilingualism
- 2.1. Defining the term
- 2.2.1. Code mixing
- 2.2.2. Borrowing
- 2.2.3. Interference
- 2.2.4. Transfer
- 2.3. Terminology
- 2.4.1. Types of CS
- 2.4.2. Processes of intrasentnetial CS
- 3.1. Code-switching is not random
- 3.2.1.1. Mahootian (1996)
- 3.2.1.2. Timm (1975)
- 3.2.2.1. The free morpheme constraint
- 3.2.2.2. The equivalence constraint
- 3.3.1.1.1.1. Closed class vs. open class items
- 3.3.1.1.1.2. Constraints on closed class items
- 3.3.1.2. Base language vs. embedded language
- 3.3.2.1. Defining the Matrix Language and the Embedded Language
- 3.3.2.2. Types of constituents of the MLF Model
- 3.3.2.3. Content morphemes vs. system morphemes
- 3.4. Lexical development of bilingual children
- 4.1. Situational vs. metaphorical switching
- 4.2. ‘We code’ vs. ‘they code’ opposition
- 4.3. The Markedness model
- 5.1. Use of the term
- 5.2. Definitions of speech community
- 6.1.1. An asylum community
- 6.1.2. The Kurdish speech community
- 6.2.1.1.1.1. Definition
- 6.2.1.1.1.2. Number
- 6.2.1.1.2.1. Personal pronouns
- 6.2.1.1.3. Nouns with pronominal suffixes
- 6.2.1.1.2. Noun Inflection in German
- 6.2.1.2.1. Verb inflection in Kurdish
- 6.2.1.2.2. Verb inflection in German
- 6.2.2. Negation
- 6.2.3.1. Nominal phrases
- 6.2.3.2.1. Verbal phrases with the Kurdish operator krdn
- 6.2.3.3. Prepositional phrase
- 6.2.4. Clause word order
- 6.2.5.1. Pro-drop / Null-subject parameter
- 6.2.5.2. Case morphology
- 6.2.5.3. Gender distinction
- 7.1. Method of observation
- 7.2. Subjects
- 7.3. Recordings
- 8.1. What is not accounted as CS
- 8.2. The data
- 8.3.1.1. Noun
- 8.3.1.2. Verb
- 8.3.1.3. Adverb
- 8.3.1.4. Preposition
- 8.3.2.1. German noun plus Kurdish suffixes
- 8.3.2.2. Kurdish-German compound verbs
- 8.3.3. Compound verbs in the CS literature
- 8.3.4. What is special about German-Kurdish compound verbs?
- 8.3.5. Summary
- 9.1.1. The free morpheme constraint
- 9.1.2. The equivalence constraint
- 9.2. The closed class constraint
- 9.3.1.1. The frequency counting criterion
- 9.3.1.2. Language proficiency
- 9.3.2. Separating content and system morphemes
- 9.3.3. The Matrix Language hypothesis
- 9.3.4. The dominant-language hypothesis (Petersen 1988)
- 9.3.5. Criterion for identifying the ML in the data
- 9.3.6. Summary of linguistic constraints on Kurdish-German CS
- 10.1. Data classification
- 10.2. CS indexing rejection and anger
- 10.3. Home language
- 10.4. ‘Children code’ versus ‘parents code’
- 10.5. The unmarked codes of home interaction
- 11. Conclusion
- Internet Sources
- 13.1. Appendix 1
- 13.2. Appendix 2