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Speech production and perception: Learning and memory

by Susanne Fuchs (Volume editor) Joanne Cleland (Volume editor) Amélie Rochet-Capellan (Volume editor)
©2019 Edited Collection 280 Pages
Open Access

Summary

Learning and memory processes are basic features of human existence. They allow us to (un)consciously adapt to changes in our social and physical environment in a variety of ways and may have been a precursor for survival in human evolution. Through several reviews and original work the book focuses on three key topics that enhanced our understanding of the topic in the last twenty years: first, the role of real-time auditory feedback in learning, second, the role of motor aspects for learning and memory, and third, representations in memory and the role of sleep on memory consolidation.
The electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org

Table Of Contents

  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • About the editors
  • About the book
  • Citability of the eBook
  • Contents
  • List of Contributors
  • Preface
  • Changes in speech production in response to formant perturbations: An overview of two decades of research
  • Spatial and temporal variability of corrective speech movements as revealed by vowel formants during sensorimotor learning
  • Aetiology of speech sound errors in autism
  • Acquisition of new speech motor plans via articulatory visual biofeedback
  • Do manual gestures help the learning of new words? A review of experimental studies
  • Interference in memory consolidation of non-native speech sounds
  • Looking for exemplar effects: testing the comprehension and memory representations of r’duced words in Dutch learners of French

List of Contributors

Louis ten Bosch

Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands

Jana Brunner

Institut für Deutsche Sprache und Linguistik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany

Tiphaine Caudrelier

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-lab, 38000 Grenoble, France

Joanne Cleland

University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Jonathan Delafield-Butt

University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Marion Dohen

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-lab, 38000 Grenoble, France

Mirjam Ernestus

Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands;

Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands

Susanne Fuchs

Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS), Berlin, Germany,

Pamela Fuhrmeister

Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut, United States

Phil Hoole

Institut für Phonetik und Sprachverarbeitung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany

Eugen Klein

Institut für Deutsche Sprache und Linguistik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany

Louise McKeever

University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Lisa Morano

Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands

Amélie Rochet-Capellan

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-lab, 38000 Grenoble, France

James M. Scobbie

Queen Margaret University, United Kingdom

Susanne Fuchs, Joanne Cleland, Amélie Rochet-Capellan

Preface

Learning and memory processes are basic features of human existence and are also reported in other species (Clayton & Dickinson, 1998). They allow us to (un)consciously adapt to changes in our social and physical environment in a variety of ways and may have been a precursor for survival in human evolution. Although learning and memory processes have been at the center of psychological, linguistic and philosophical research, and discussed from the earliest existence of these disciplines, there is still much to learn.

In the domain of speech production and perception, the focus of the present book, there has been a renaissance in terms of the subject’s matter. Three major topics will be addressed in this book through reviewing previous work; discovering research gaps and summarizing potential future research directions; or with original work. These three major topics are: 1.) the role of real-time sensory (auditory) feedback for learning, 2.) the role of motor aspects for learning and memory (including recent technological developments which may support learning in people with specific needs) and 3.) representations in memory and the role of sleep on memory consolidation with a specific focus on second language learning.

Regarding the first topic, computational and technological developments in recent years have made it possible to alter sensory feedback of a speaker in real-time. That is, a speaker’s spoken language can be recorded, manipulated, and played back with such a short delay that the speaker considers it as his/her own speech. These developments made it possible to investigate the role of auditory feedback in speech production and learning and determine how and when speakers adapt to changes in auditory feedback. The first two chapters of the book focus on this topic. Tiphaine Caudrelier and Amélie Rochet-Capellan provide a review of two decades of research initiated by Houde & Jordan’s (1998) pioneering study on auditory-motor learning in response to formant perturbations. The chapter starts with an overview of the impact of Houde and Jordan’s work across different research fields. Then, based on 77 studies using formant perturbations, ←9 | 10→the authors present the systems and procedures associated with this paradigm. They also provide a comprehensive review of the research topics addressed by these studies and their main results. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research, including using sensorimotor learning to further explore the nature of speech production representations.

The second chapter presents a recent study on real-time feedback perturbation by Eugen Klein, Jana Brunner, and Phil Hoole. They work on inter- and intra-individual variability of adaptation processes during auditory perturbation of vowel formants. Specifically, the authors investigate the influence of experimental task demands – such as the alternating perturbation of the second formant and the consonantal context of the perturbed vowel – on speakers’ compensatory adjustments. Examining the adaptation process with due regard to its temporal dimension, the authors show that its variability is strongly associated with speakers’ exploratory behavior and cannot be exclusively ascribed to the characteristics of speakers’ internal models of speech motor control.

The next three chapters deal with the particular role of motor aspects in learning and memory consolidation. Different populations are investigated. In a review of literature on speech sound errors in people with autism, Louise McKeever, Joanne Cleland and Jonathan Delafield-Butt begin to explore the underlying causes of speech production differences in people with autism. Two major theoretical accounts for the prevalence of speech sound errors are highlighted: the speech attunement framework, and deficits in speech motor control. Both theories provide explanations for how children with autism may come to have difficulty learning to produce speech which is in line with their typically developing peers. The chapter concludes by suggesting that both the speech attunement framework and the theory of impaired speech motor control may be complimentary, rather than competing, theories and suggests further empirical work to test this assertion.

In the following chapter Joanne Cleland and James Scobbie focus on learning new speech motor plans in children with speech sound disorders. They first describe the concept of categorising persistent speech sound disorder in children as a disorder characterised by erroneous motor plans. They then go on to explain how various different forms of articulatory visual biofeedback (namely, electropalatography, electromagnetic ←10 | 11→articulography and ultrasound tongue imaging) can be used to allow children to view their articulators moving in real time and use this information to establish more accurate motor plans. A novel theoretical account of how these articulatory biofeedback techniques might lead to establishment of new motor plans is given. The chapter concludes with an illustrative case study of a child with persistent velar fronting who acquired a new motor plan for velar stops using ultrasound visual biofeedback.

The role of motor aspects is then discussed by Marion Dohen, who provides a comprehensive review of the role of manual gestures in word learning and memorizing. Typically developing children as well as children with specific needs are the focus of this review. The findings from a selection of empirical studies serves for answering general questions about potential advantages, efficiency and types of manual gestures in learning novel words. Motor aspects of manual gestures, i.e. producing an additional gesture during learning is compared with findings where manual gestures are perceived only. Finally, Marion Dohen discusses three potential explanations as to why manual gestures might enhance learning novel words.

The last two chapters are dedicated to learning new languages and how this information is consolidated in memory. Starting in the early 90s of the last century there have been several theoretical and empirical attempts to justify that it is not abstract linguistic representations, but rather episodic traces (exemplars) that are stored in memory (see Smith 2015 for review). These may include fine phonetic detail, for example detail about the speaker’s voice, the communicative situation and so on. More recently, these approaches have been unified to hybrid models, since neither the one nor the other can solely account for learning a language. Lisa Morano, Louis ten Bosch, and Mirjam Ernestus follow then with their work on different mental representations stored in memory. They place themselves in the Complementary Learning Systems framework which assumes the use of abstract and exemplar mental representations in speech comprehension. Specifically, their work focuses on second language (L2) listeners’ exemplar representations of words. Their particular novel finding is that L2 exemplars are faithful representations of the speech signal. Thus, unlike abstract representations, exemplars have not been altered by listeners’ L1 phonological filter. The authors also found significant evidence that L2 ←11 | 12→listeners used abstract representations in an experiment that had been specifically designed to trigger exemplar effects.

In the last twenty years, evidence has been accumulated that sleep may play a major role for memory. Pamela Fuhrmeister reviews some recent work suggesting that memory consolidation during sleep is important for non-native speech sound learning. While factors that influence learning of difficult speech sound contrasts have received a lot of attention in the literature, less is known about how what happens after learning can affect consolidation and retention of newly learned phonetic information. Studies from other domains, such as motor learning, are reviewed, and these suggest that certain tasks that follow training can interfere with consolidation of new information. Hints of these effects can already be found in studies in the speech domain, and the author argues that the sleep and memory consolidation literature should inform future speech research and that future research should consider not only how speech sounds are best learned, but also how they are most optimally consolidated and retained.

Besides the intellectual merit of the authors and reviewers, this book was only possible thanks to the financial support the French-German University (UFA) in Saarbrücken. They supported the publication of the book and the international winter school on “Speech production and perception: Learning and memory” that took place 2017 in Chorin, Germany. Furthermore, parts of the presented work were supported by a grant from the ANR-DFG to the Salammbo project (FU791/8-1). Finally, we would like to acknowledge all reviewers who helped improving clarity and structure of the chapters. We are very delighted that the Crowdfunding Initiative “Knowledge Unlatched” selected our book and allowed it to be open access. Thanks to all the unknown contributors!

References

Caudrelier, T., & Rochet-Capellan, A. (2019). Changes in speech production in response to formant perturbations: An overview of two decades of research. In S. Fuchs, J. Cleland, & A. Rochet-Capellan (eds.) Speech production and perception: Learning and memory. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang GmbH. Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften.

←12 |
 13→

Clayton, N.S., & Dickinson, A. (1998). Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays. Nature 395 (6699): 272–274.

Cleland, J. & Scobbie, J. M. (2019). Acquisition of new speech motor plans via articulatory visual biofeedback. In S. Fuchs, J. Cleland, & A. Rochet-Capellan (eds.) Speech production and perception: Learning and memory. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang GmbH. Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften.

Dohen, M. (2019). Do manual gestures help the learning of new words? A review of experimental studies. In S. Fuchs, J. Cleland, & A. Rochet-Capellan (eds.) Speech production and perception: Learning and memory. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang GmbH. Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften.

Fuhrmeister, P. (2019) Interference in memory consolidation of non-native speech sounds. In S. Fuchs, J. Cleland, & A. Rochet-Capellan (eds.) Speech production and perception: Learning and memory. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang GmbH. Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften.

Houde, J.F., & Jordan, M.I. (1998). Sensorimotor adaptation in speech production. Science, 279(5354), 1213–1216.

Klein, E., Brunner, J. & Hoole, P. (2019). Spatial and temporal variability of corrective speech movements as revealed by vowel formants during sensorimotor learning. In S. Fuchs, J. Cleland, & A. Rochet-Capellan (eds.) Speech production and perception: Learning and memory. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang GmbH. Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften.

Louise McKeever, Joanne Cleland, Jonathan Delafield-Butt (2019). Aetiology of speech sound errors in autism. In S. Fuchs, J. Cleland, & A. Rochet-Capellan (eds.) Speech production and perception: Learning and memory. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang GmbH. Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften.

Morano, L., ten Bosch, L. & Ernestus, M. (2019). Looking for exemplar effects: testing the comprehension and memory representations of r’duced words in Dutch learners of French. In S. Fuchs, J. Cleland, & A. Rochet-Capellan (eds.) Speech production and perception: Learning and memory. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang GmbH. Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften.

←13 |
 14→

Smith, R. (2015). Perception of speaker-specific phonetic detail. In S. Fuchs, D. Pape, C. Petrone, P. Perrier (eds.). Individual Differences in Speech Production and Perception. Peter Lang GmbH. Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 12–38.

Details

Pages
280
Year
2019
ISBN (PDF)
9783631797860
ISBN (ePUB)
9783631797877
ISBN (MOBI)
9783631797884
ISBN (Hardcover)
9783631726914
DOI
10.3726/b15982
Open Access
CC-BY
Language
English
Publication date
2019 (November)
Keywords
Gestures Sleep Second-language learning Pathology Speech motor control Phonetics Feedback

Biographical notes

Susanne Fuchs (Volume editor) Joanne Cleland (Volume editor) Amélie Rochet-Capellan (Volume editor)

Susanne Fuchs is a phonetician and speech motor control researcher at the Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft in Berlin. She investigates the biological grounding of spoken language, iconicity and its origin in sensorimotor properties as well as the effect of motion on cognitive processes. Joanne Cleland is a researcher and Speech and Language Therapist at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. She studies clinical phonetics and articulatory analysis of Speech Sound Disorders in children. Amélie Rochet-Capellan is a researcher at French CNRS. In the framework of embodied cognition, she studies the links between orofacial and limb sensorimotor control and language in typical speakers and speakers with intellectual deficiencies.

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