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Forged in Crises

The ECB and the Deepening of EMU Integration

by Luís Leal de Faria (Author)
©2026 Monographs XVI, 172 Pages
Series: Euroclio, Volume 118

Summary

The monetary dimension has persistently driven the European project: first steering leaders toward deeper integration with the creation of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the single currency, then revealing the EMU’s own structural flaws during the Eurozone crisis, and, ultimately, consolidating the European Central Bank (ECB) role as a central actor in managing crises and safeguarding economic stability in the European Union. In this context, this book examines the political and economic factors that led to the creation of the EMU by tracing the historical foundations of the Euro and the ECB. It then explores how the ECB’s responses to successive crises have served as catalysts for deeper economic governance and institutional adaptation. These multiple crises have also contributed to the gradual expansion of the ECB’s discretionary powers, calling for renewed reflection on the limits of this unique, supposedly technocratic institution.

Table Of Contents

  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • Dedication
  • List of Figures
  • Acknowledgements
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Introduction
  • Part I Understanding the ECB within the Context of EU Integration
  • The Treaty of Rome (1957): Establishing the European Economic Community Establishing the European Economic Communit
  • The (Complex) 1960s and 1970s with a Monetary Union on the Horizon
  • The Single European Act (1986)
  • The Late 1980s: The ‘inconsistent quartet’ and the Delors Report
  • The Treaty of Maastricht (1992) and the EMU
  • From Maastricht to the Introduction of the Euro
  • Amsterdam (1997), Nice (2001) and Lisbon (2007)
  • Part II On Money: ECB’s (Unconventional) Response to Multiple Crises and a Changing World
  • Phase 1 (1999–2003): From Euro Adoption to the First Strategy Review
  • Phase 2 (2003–2008): From the Strategy Review until the Global Financial Crisis
  • Phase 3 (2008–2020): Facing a Sovereign Debt Crisis and Subsequent Risk of Deflation
  • Phase 4 (2020–2021): Facing a Pandemic (with a New Strategy on the Way)
  • Phase 5 (2021–2023): Pandemic Recovery, War and Inflation
  • Phase 6 (2024–2025): Policy Stabilisation under Persistent Uncertainty
  • Conclusions
  • Bibliography

Acknowledgements

This book is largely the product of my PhD research. I would like to thank everyone who contributed to its completion.

To Professor André Azevedo Alves, my supervisor, for his ideas, guidance, and generous availability throughout the development of this research.

To the Institute for Political Studies at Universidade Católica Portuguesa (IEP-Católica), and especially to Professor Mónica Dias, the Director of the Institute, for her constant support and advice over the course of my doctoral studies.

To all the other professors at IEP-Católica. I am particularly grateful to Professor João Carlos Espada (former Director of IEP-Católica), to Professors Francisco Proença Garcia and William Hasselberger, coordinators of the research project The Rising Authoritarian Powers, in which I participated, and to Professor José Manuel Durão Barroso, with whom I worked as a teaching assistant in the European Studies course.

To the staff of IEP-Católica, for all their support and assistance while I was a student, grant researcher, and now as a Professor at the Institute.

To the Research Centre of the Institute of Political Studies (CIEP), for its support, particularly during my research fellowship between 2020 and 2021, and for facilitating my participation in conferences where I had the opportunity to discuss parts of my research.

To my colleagues at the European Central Bank, Bank of Portugal, the Portuguese Securities Market Commission (CMVM), and Nova School of Business and Economics (Nova SBE), for the valuable discussions, comments and suggestions. I would also like to thank my colleagues from the Portuguese Government Task Force for State Reform for broadening my perspective on several of the themes discussed in this book.

To my PhD defence committee, whose insightful suggestions have been incorporated into this book.

To the publisher, Peter Lang, and its editorial team, for all their support throughout this project. Special thanks also to the Euroclio series editors for their feedback and guidance.

To my family and friends, especially my parents and my wife, Marta, for all their support.

Abbreviations

ABSPP

Asset-backed Securities Purchase Programme

APP

Asset Purchase Programme

BoE

Bank of England

BVerfG

Bundesverfassungsgericht (German Federal Constitutional Court)

CBPP

Covered Bond Purchase Programme

CFSP

Common Foreign and Security Policy

CISS

Composite Indicator of Systemic Stress

CJEU

Court of Justice of the European Union

CMU

Capital Markets Union

CSPP

Corporate Sector Purchase Programme

COG

Committee of Governors

COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019

DFR

Deposit Facility Rate

EB

Executive Board

EBA

European Banking Authority

ECB

European Central Bank

ECB GovC

Governing Council of the European Central Bank

ECSC

European Coal and Steel Community

ECON

Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (European Parliament)

Details

Pages
XVI, 172
Publication Year
2026
ISBN (PDF)
9783034365352
ISBN (ePUB)
9783034365369
ISBN (Softcover)
9783034365345
DOI
10.3726/b24037
Language
English
Publication date
2026 (October)
Keywords
European Monetary Union Euro European Central Bank EU Economic Governance Monetary Integration Crisis Management Institutional Change Central Banking EU Political Economy
Published
Bruxelles, Berlin, Chennai, Lausanne, New York, Oxford, 2026. xvi, 172 pp., 20 fig. b/w, 1 table.
Product Safety
Peter Lang Group AG

Biographical notes

Luís Leal de Faria (Author)

Luís Leal de Faria holds a PhD in Political Science and International Relations (IEP–Católica) and degrees in Economics and Finance (Nova SBE). He is an Invited Assistant Professor and Researcher at IEP–Católica, with professional experience in the Portuguese Government, the Portuguese Securities Market Commission, the Bank of Portugal and the ECB.

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