Football and Fascism in the Iberian Peninsula

Contents

1. Acknowledgments

2. Abbreviations

3. Introduction

4. Chapter 1 Building the New Man: The Iberian Perspective

5. Chapter 2 Fascist Football Between Reality and Fiction

6. Chapter 3 A Question of Image

7. Chapter 4 The Banal Nationalism of Football: Regions, Nation, Empire

8. Chapter 5 National Heroes or Global Heroes?

9. Chapter 6 Winds of Protest

10. Conclusion

11. Bibliography

Acknowledgments

At the end of this work, we feel it is our duty to express our sincere gratitude to the individuals and institutions that have enabled us to finalize this project. First and foremost, we would like to thank Matthew Taylor and Richard Holt, who selected our proposal for the series they direct. Our thanks also go to Martin Polley and the entire staff of the International Centre for Sports History and Culture (ICSHC) at De Montfort University in Leicester for welcoming and discussing this research in its early stages. In this regard, special thanks are due to Robert Colls, Neil Carter, Heather Dichter, and James Panter. A heartfelt thank you to Pierre Lanfranchi, with whom the project was further developed and refined. We are grateful to Larry Wolff and the entire staff of the Remarque Institute at New York University, particularly Samantha Paul, for facilitating access to and research in the Bobst Library. Our appreciation also goes to Maria Todorova, Philipp Ther, Olaf Bortz, and Marta Verginella for their invaluable “American” advice. We cannot forget those who followed us step by step throughout this journey, such as the members of the Institute of Contemporary History at the New University of Lisbon, particularly José Neves, Rui Lopes, Luís Trindade, Giulia Strippoli, Rita Luís, Pedro Aires Oliveira, Fabio Calé, and Diana Barbosa. We are grateful to Maria Fernanda Rollo, Ana Paula Pires, and Rita Nunes for supporting this project from the very beginning. Our deepest gratitude goes to Francisco Pinheiro for his valuable advice, as well as to Victor Pereira and Nuno Domingos, who deserve a special mention.

A heartfelt thank you to Luís Reis Torgal for supporting this research even before its actual realization, as well as to all the members of the Network for the Study of Fascism, Authoritarianism, Totalitarianism, and Transitions to Democracy (REFAT). In particular, We are grateful to the late Alberto De Bernardi and to colleagues Eleonora Belloni, Alfonso Botti, Elena Bignami, Vittorio Caporrella, Paolo Capuzzo, Mirco Dondi, Steven Forti, Alessio Gagliardi, Deborah Guazzoni, Pietro Pinna, Fabrizio Patriarca, and Marica Tolomelli. Endless thanks to Grégory Quin, Philippe Vonnard, and all the members of the Réseaux d’études des relations internationales sportives (RERIS), within which we have repeatedly discussed the themes of our research. We also extend our gratitude to our home departments: the Departamento de Historia, Teorías y Geografía Políticas at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid and the Departamento de Ciencias Sociales de la Actividad Física, del Deporte y del Ocio at the Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF-UPM). In particular, thanks to Paula Bruno, Diego Palacios Cerezales, Javier Moreno Luzón, and Alejandro Quiroga de Soto for their valuable advice. Likewise, we are grateful to Kostis Kornetis, Guya Accornero, Annarita Gori, and Goffredo Adinolfi for their insights. We also wish to express our gratitude to all the members of the research group on Social and Humanistic Studies in Physical Activity and Sport (ESHAFYD) at INEF Madrid, as well as to the participants in the project “Everyday Life, Sociability, and Political Cultures in Contemporary Basque-Navarre,” especially Santiago de Pablo, Jesús María Casquete, and David Mota. A special thank you to Rahul Kumar, Matteo Pasetti, and Nicola Sbetti, who read early drafts of this book and provided crucial corrections that greatly contributed to its development. Our gratitude also goes to Fabien Archambault, Patrizia Dogliani, Paul Dietschy, Erminio Fonzo, Enrico Landoni, Angela Teja, Stefano Pivato, Simon Martin, and Daphné Bolz, whose pioneering research made this project possible. We are also grateful to the entire European Committee for Sports History (CESH), within which this work took shape. For the same reason, we extend our thanks to all the members of the Italian Society for Sports History, and in particular to Sergio Giuntini, who first encouraged the idea of writing a book on this topic in 2014. We must not forget all our students from the various courses and seminars we have taught over the years, whose passion, questions, and comments have helped us shape this work into its final form. Finally, our deepest gratitude goes to our parents for their unwavering support over the years, but above all, to Federica, Giulia, Emanuele, and Chiara for their daily encouragement.

This publication received financial support from: the IHC, funded by National funds through FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I. P., under the projects UID/HIS/04209/2019 and UIDB/04209/2020; Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia and the European Social Fund: project, SFRH/BPD/107789/2015; Ramón y Cajal fund, RYC2020-030220-I, financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science and the European Social Fund; Grant PID2023-150381NB-I00, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; Grant PID2022-138385NB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by FEDER, UE.

Abbreviations

1. AFA Associação de Futebol Africana (African Football Association)

2. AFLM Associação de Futebol de Lourenço Marques (Lourenço Marques Football Association)

3. CA Catholic Action